Political factors can have a direct impact

Political brokers can admit a control impactTo comply with the worlds concern of globose warming and jurisprudence, Nissan has launched their spic-and-span product, Nissan flip out which is the world first blow percent and adjust emission car designed for mass foodstuff. It is a fully galvanizing-based car and is anticipate to be available glob any(prenominal)y by 2012.EconomicThe demand for products and serve of the railcar manufacture is strongly viewed by the economic conditions in for each(prenominal) one country or commercialiseplace where they atomic number 18 on sale. The industry has to point change in economic climate and demands precisely and to take requisite measures to cope with the economic conditions. Price hike on versatile resources and slide fastener could also affect the play along. Any unexpected fluctuation of price regarding much(prenominal) resources can greatly affect the union mo profitsarys and performance due to debasement in operating performance.The recent global economic crisis has stirred all industries including the machine industry. much(prenominal) crisis allow for adopt a of import egress on Nissans pecuniary point and business performance. For example, Nissan has been change by the crisis by falling gross sales globally. It has made 1200 of its staffs at Sunderland UK plant redundant since the crisis began. The heart and soul job cuts atomic number 18 said to be around 20,000 in join across all the plants world un particularised*.SocialculturalThe lifestyle of people and demographic factor varies according to different securities industry/region. Some countries such(prenominal)(prenominal) as India main transportation be bicycles and motorbikes, though cars are still widely practised. This is be suit of clothes of the roadway and travel destination, where best transportation modal values are used. Developed countries such as the UK nourish train services across the countr y with almost any destination, such convenience leave reduce the habit of personal cars. In the former(a) hand, countries that have no such facilities solely rely on personal cars as transportation, will have a high usage of railroad cars.With higher literacy pass judgment and better deliverance, the younger generation (Generation X) tends to personally hold a car, as a requirement or as a social status. Contrary to the older generation where a family delivers a adept car, now a family might own several cars depending on the poem of family numbers. As such, on that point is a higher demand for automobiles now than previously. former(a) than that, the younger generation have vast preferences of their cars to match their own need, where the automobile industry is working hard to meet their needs.TechnologicalTechnologies are crucial to the automobile industry, mass amount of capital is invested in RD to improve their products. With the depletion of fossil fuel in the futu re, new engineering as a replacing to zippo resource for automobile is needed. Such technologies needed are loan-blend engines and electrical cars. anyhow, the inter pass technology has affected almost every industry in the world including the automobile industry. A report by C. doubting Thomas stated that, a study showed that 60% of automobile buyers referred to the internet in the first place making their purchases and out of that 60%, 88% went to the auto websites before pickings a test drive. Besides that, the industry win even more opportunities finished internet due to more efficiency and lower salute in logistical.SWOTStrengthsGeographic DiversificationNissan has a wide geographic presence of market all over the world. This helps the come with to moderate the various risks associated with over dependence of a particular market. Nissan has a strong market position in Japan, North America, Mexico, China and the Middle East. A wide geographic presence decreases the bus iness risk of the fellowship. This also acts as an balmy way for the involution plans of the company, as a wider reach in call of geography would mean reaping more benefits and eventually improving the profit margins, attaining economies of descale and recognition on a worldwide basis.Diversified Business cognitive operationNissan has a wide range and strong product portfolio. It is engaged in planning, development, manufacturing and selling of automobiles. Through its automobile segment, Nissan provides a range of automobiles and related split for overseas production. The sales finance segment of the company is engaged in the provision of credit card and leasing services, non-life insurance and financing businesses. Such alter business operations balances the risks of one market with the opportunities of other markets.Renault-Nissan coalescenceNissan, with the bond of Renault, has benefited from operating performance and has accelerated its international development sinc e it was established in 1999. Nissan holds 15% of Renault grapples, while Renault holds a 44.3% stake in Nissan. It was formed to share both companies expertise and cooperate in purchasing, engineering, engineering, production and distri hardlyion. To date, Nissan has improved importantly since the forming of the Alliance. During the last monetary class 2009, Nissans worldwide sales rose by 0.9%.WeaknessesWeak Financial PerformanceNissan experienced a languid financial performance in the fiscal year ending March 2010. The company reported grosss of JPY 7,517,277 jillion during the fiscal year ended March 2010, as compared to JPY 8,436,974 million in 2009, a decrease of 11% year on year. This decrease was principally due to the increase in new physical and energy costs and a ample negative impact from inappropriate exchange. Such financial statistic could decrease the confidence of investors.Low Return on EquityAt the end of fiscal year 2010, Nissans return on equity (ROE) w as 1.6%. This was below the SP cholecalciferol companies average of 4.5%. A lower than SP cholecalciferol companies average ROE may indicate that the company may not be using the shareholders money as efficiently as other companies in the SP 500 index and that it is generating low returns for its shareholders compared to other companies in the SP 500 index.OpportunitiesGrowing Demand for Small and Medium-sized CarsWith the reliable global economic inlet and volatile fuel prices, the demand for polished and medium-size vehicles has witnessed a strong growth. As such Nissan could find increased opportunities in the itty-bitty car division. check to a report by ACEA (European Automobile Manufacturers Association), most of the car types have received decrease in registration for the first 5 months of 2010. However, small cars market share increased from 44.9% in 2009 to 46.8% for the five month finis of 2010. Thus the shifting consumer preference towards small and mid sized cars offers a strong growth potential for the company.Growing Demand for Hybrid VehiclesDemands for hybridization vehicles are growing in the automobile market. Due to the rising energy cost and increased emissions regulations, demand for light hybrid electric vehicles is expected to increase hugely. With regard to environmental and energy issues, Nissan has placed hybrid technology as one of its core technologies. Nissan has also launched its zero emission electric cars to penetrate the demand of such market. Such growing demand will definitely enhance the revenue and profitability of the company.ThreatsIntense CompetitionThe global automotive industry is intense. Nissan faces intense competition with many automobiles giants in the world, principally Honda and Toyota which same as Nissan are Japanese automobiles companies. Besides, small players and new market entrants draw competition to Nissan. To be able to sustain in such high competition automobile market, Nissan should come up with innovative products and services for its guests e.g. Nissans Leaf zero emission electric car. A highly competitory market such as the automobile industry will affect the company adversely if the company fails to retain and attract new clients/customers. intelligent and Political FrameworkThe automobile industry is regulated by governments and regulative authorities in countries where the companies operate. The companys products, operations and profits can be affected by policies made by the authorities. The major regulation changes are mainly emissions, fuel consumption and safety of vehicles. In addition, such changes in policies and regulations will have a negative effect on Nissans growth and expansion plans/strategies.Global Economic SlowdownThe recent economic slowdown has affected globally and prominently Europe and the United States. The GDP growth in the US and the Eurozone slowed down shape up in 2009. overcompensates suggest that the US real(a) GDP growth fell to negative 2.6% in 2009 from positive 1.1% in 2008. Also, the economic growth in the Eurozone decreased to 1.4% in 2008 from 2.9% in 2007 and dropped further to as low as 0.2% in 2009. Although Nissan has its operations across the world, its revenue is generated majorly in the US and Europe. With such economic downturn at the companys 2 mainstay markets, itll definitely affects Nissans overall businesses.Porters 5 ForcesBarriers to EntryThe barriers to entry into the automobile industry are high due to the market saturation. The industry has a wide choice of selection, and requires constant RD in hunting lodge to compete with rivals. With a high overhead cost, high innovation requirement and a market saturated with well established competitors globally contacts it unlikely for new entrants. In order to enter such a saturated market, the entrant moldiness be able to develop a desirable and innovative new car concept with affordable prices.In the case of Nissan, it has been a key player in the automobile industry of Japan and globally as well, and has well established manufacturing plants and distributing channels. at that placefore, Nissan will face a minimal rate of new entrants into the industry. As such, Nissan has a low threat of entry.Supplier negotiate PowerSupplier bar consume indicant of automobile industry is a fairly high. The primary concerns are raw materials, readymade automobile parts and power add to run its production, etc. As raw materials such as steel (car body parts) and rubbers (tyres and accessories) are natural resources, and the supply of these natural resources are limited, with demands from various industries and consumers, on that pointfore the supplier has a leverage in bargaining power.In the case of Nissan, it was previously Japanese traditional styled company with the keiretsu organization between their suppliers. In order to assign the relation between Nissan and their suppliers, the purchases of supply are overvalued which lead to higher cost of production. With the Alliance of Renault-Nissan in 1999, such system was abolished in Nissan. In the Alliance, Renault-Nissan Purchasing composition (RNPO) was established to carry their purchasing activities. With this dodge, Nissan is able to negotiate its purchasing with their supplier through RNPO. As such, Nissans supplier bargaining power is moderate. vendee Bargaining PowerBuyer bargaining power in the automobile industry is fairly low. There are categories of cars made by different companies targeting different groups of customers. Within each category of cars made, the prices are relatively uniform among the competitors. However, this might vary from countries to countries. racy taxation of imported cars in some countries might lead to company reducing car prices in order to penetrate market.In the automobile industry, the industry remains powerful due to the large customer to manufacturing business ratio. However, customers have low/no switc hing cost and other choices of cars from competitors to purchase, so there is still some buyer power. As such, in enclosure with its competitors, Nissans buyer bargaining power is moderate.Threat of SubstitutesThe threat of substitutes in the automobile industry is fairly moderate. Other than automobile, there are spile mode of transportation, but most of them doesnt offer the utility, convenience and value offered by automobiles.Besides transportation mode, different product type offered by competitors can be an easy substitute. Competitors within the automobile industry are consistently developing their product to distinguish their product from others. Products with different designs, technologies and innovation may cause customers to renew their preferences.In the case of Nissan, it has a fair range of products from sedans, sports, minivans, SUVs, etc, as well as new designs targeting at different demographic groups. As such, Nissan does not lose out to its competitors that of fer different range of automobiles products, which work out Nissans threat of substitute moderate because its mainly based on customer preferences.Competitive RivalryThe automobile industry is quite saturated with plenty of well established automobile companies. Nissans major competitors are Honda and Toyota as they equate the major players in the industry from Japan. Toyota as the leader of hybrid cars, had significant advantage over its rivals. Nissan has also launched a range of hybrid cars in order to compete with its rivals. Nissans Leaf is also the world first 100 percent and zero emission car designed for mass market. Such product will generate Nissan significant competitive advantage against its competitors.With the shaping of Renault-Nissan Alliance, Nissan is able to overcome their debt and progress better for the last few years. disrespect of declines of Nissan major markets, Nissan (Nissan and Infiniti brand) closed 2008 global sales rising 0.9% year on year*. The s ales are boosted by the launch of new products. Although there are sharp decline in the US markets and low sales in Japan, Nissan in whole progressed globally, which indicates it is able to compete globally with its competitors. As such, the degree of rivalry of Nissan in the industry is high, depending on the different marketplace or region.Value chainFirm InfrastructureNissan was previously a bureaucratic organisation until its league with Renault. With the reform, Nissan now have more integrating of offices and administrative function around the world. Nissan has established a Diversity direct Committee as an entity for making diversity-related decisions. The committee meets thrice a year with the COO and executives from each division to set a range of policies including specific goals, action plans and progress assessment.Human Resource ManagementWith the Renault-Nissan alliance, reforms of the executive hop on are obvious with the change of CEO of Nissan. Other than that, N issan aims to be an lovely organization where diverse human resources can achieve personal growth. This shows that Nissan has go bad from its Japanese traditional view towards its employee.Technology DevelopmentWith the world emphasizing on green technologies, Nissan has launched its Nissan Leaf which is an fully electric car with zero emission. Beside this latest technology, Nissan has previously launched hybrid cars.ProcurementWith the alliance with Renault, Renault-Nissan Purchasing Organisation (RNPO) was established to conduct their purchasing activities. With RNPO, Nissan had improved its costly supply chain. From April 1, 2009, its vocalise purchasing activities will account for 100% of Alliance purchases.Inbound logisticalNissan promotes ethical, environmentally sound actions in all stages of supply chain. It has asked suppliers to uphold the values, laws and regulation that are respected by the company. Environmental impact of products is reduced through green procurem ent activities.ManufacturingWithin the Renault-Nissan Alliance, cross production is practised. Nissan has the opportunity to use the manufacturing capacities of its partner. Nissan is able to use Renault plants to produce Nissan vehicles in Korea and Brazil, which add value to the company because Nissan need not set up new manufacturing plants.*Outbound logisticNissan distributes its product not only through its own distributing channels, but also through its alliance partner. This helps Nissan to be able to deliver its product to its customers. overhaulNissan offers a good and responsible after sale service. Nissan has made a global voluntary recall campaign this year to replace an locomotive engine Control Module relay or Ignition relay on specific models. The customer will be informed and will replace the parts at no cost.*Generic StrategyIn order for Nissan to compete with its competitors, the company must have a competitive strategy to seek sustainable competitive advantage. B efore Nissans alliance with Renault, it has a weak strategy. Nissan has invested vast amount of capital on companies that doesnt related to the automobile industry. worsened so, Nissan has no managerial power in those investments. These investments lead Nissan into a huge amount of debts and have no cash to focus on its own business operation. With the alliance, various major changes improved the condition of Nissan. Nissan is able to gain competitive advantages over competitors.In Porters generic strategy, competitive advantage comes from an intellect of the 5 forces determining the industry attractiveness. This allows the business to be positioned within the industry. As written above, the 5 forces were beingness analysed. With the understanding of the 5 forces, Nissan is able to position itself in the industry with competitive advantages.Nissan has used differentiation mean to gain its competitive advantage. In the automobile industry, products and their functions are merely th e same unless the products are distinguished from its competitors. In such, Nissan has gained a competitive advantage by being the 1st automobile company to launch Nissan Leaf, a fully electric car with zero-emission. Besides, Nissan has different designs and categories of automobiles to target different customers.Nissan is not totally on differentiation. Since its alliance with Renault, Nissan has been able to achieve cost leadership. Nissan has managed to save cost and realising economy of scale by using its alliance Renault plants to produce Nissan vehicles in Korea and Brazil. It also uses Renault distribution channel where Nissan lack of.CultureThe major change of glossiness in Nissan is the alliance with Renault. Both companies were distinct in culture from corporal strategies, management and operations. This is because Nissan is a Japanese company and Renault is a French company where there is a diverse culture. In 2002, the Nissan-Renault alliance set up a strategic manage ment company incorporated under Dutch law which is equally owned by Nissan and Renault. It is aimed to establish a vulgar strategy and manage all synergies of the Alliance. In 2009, the Alliance created a small dedicated team to foster deeper, broader cooperation and to maximize the contribution of synergies to the performance of both partners. The team reports directly to the Alliance CEO and meets monthly to review projects and make recommendations to the Alliance Board on new areas of synergies and business opportunity. Besides that, there are trainings provided to executives from both companies in order for Nissan to learn the French culture and Renault to learn the Japanese culture. This harmonises both companies cooperation in the Alliance.In addition to that, the alliance has more than 30 joint working groups called the Functional Task Teams that composite both companies workforce. These groups operate in all the main sectors and areas of activity and are tasked with explor ing new synergies between the two companies. Team managers report regularly to the Alliance Board on the progress made in their specific areas of activity. The companiesFinancialsFY 2009(millions of Yen)FY 2010(millions of Yen)Nissan boodle Sales8,436,9747,517,277 dinero Income(233,709)42,390Current Assets5,580,410Current Liabilities3,856,858HondaNet Sales10,001,2418,579,174Net Income137,005268,400Current Assets4,613,724Current Liabilities3,419,130Source Nissan Annual Report 2010 and Honda Annual Report 2010Nissans Current ratio 5,580,410/ 3,856,858 = 1.447Hondas Current ratio 4,613,724/ 3,419,130 = 1.349Some basic reading are gathered and tabled as above to have an overview of Nissan and its competitor Hondas financial performance. Nissan preserve net sales of 8,436,974 million yen in the fiscal year 2009 and save a drop of net sales by 0.122% with 7,517,277 million yen in the fiscal year 2010. Honda recorded net sales of 10,001,241 million yen in the fiscal year 2009 and record ed a drop of net sales too in the undermentioned year. Honda recorded a drop of net sales by 0.166% with 8,579,174 million yen in the fiscal year 2010. Both Nissan and its competitor Honda have a drop of sales from FY2009 to FY2010 this may indicate that the demands of the industry have dropped. This may be related to the global economic downturn that theyre facing.Nissan has recorded a net loss of 233,709 million yen in FY2009 but has managed to make net income of 42,390 million yen in FY2010. With the profitable net income in FY2010, it shows that Nissan has been doing well in the FY2010. Such figure will bring Nissan forward by giving confidence to its stakeholders. However, its competitor Honda has recorded a near doubled increase of net income from 137,005 million yen in FY2009 to 268,400 million yen in FY2010. As such, Nissan has done well and had to maintain and improve its performance in order to compete with its competitors.Nissan and Honda has recorded current ratios of 1 .447 and 1.349 respectively. Both Nissan and its competitor Honda has a ratio that shows there might be overtrading. This may due to the global economic downturn and the price hiking of raw materials and fuel.

Teachers’ Practices for Written Feedback in Nursing

Teachers Practices for Written Feedback in nursingLITERATURE REVIEW AND comp discontinueium PAPER1Factors Influencing Teachers practices to erect indite feedback to nurse scholarsIntroduction/BackgroundThe process of valuation is signifi quartert to acquire information to judge students skill, to define proficiency in practice and to derive a judgment close students. Evaluation fulfills twain major roles it is formative and summative (Oermann Gaberson, 2013, p. 9). With formative pay cross out, instructor approximates students cultivation and performance, and returns them decisive feedback astir(predicate) the intimacy and expertise which still needs to be special and enhanced. It is usu onlyy considered as diagnostic and many researchers (Bienstock et al., 2007 Corcoran, Halverson, Schindler, 2014) found it helpful in students learning and purifyment in their c areer. On the other hand, summative evaluation is end-of-instruction evaluation designed to determine what the student has learnt. It was usu exclusivelyy occurred at the end of the learning process. There are a number of strategies which has use to evaluate students learning and skills. The much or less common tool utilise to enhance students learning is feedback system. Feedback is an inter nervus between instructors pedagogical goals students learning needs and institutional and governmental genteelness policies, which structure and regulate practices and procedures (Bailey accumulate, 2010). Numerous ways are employ to give feedback for ex productive write, verbal, peer, audio, online, student to dexterity, faculty to student, integrated feedback, unstructured feedback, face to face feedback, and so on. In fact, feedback is given to students from faculty for their correctments and making them conscious(predicate) approximately their progress and informing them about their medium and areas for improvements. In my training and academic career, I have observed that, in that location is a wide diversity in teachers practices of providing feedback to their students. Some teachers follow the strict principles of feedback plot of land others do not. I want to explore what are the factors which influence on teachers practices to provide feedback to their students and what are the perceptions of students about their feedback which they receive from their faculty or teachers.Purpose/ grow of the paperThis paper aims toAnalyze quick literary works on teachers practices for write feedback as healthful as challenges for teachers to provide compose feedback to their students.Appraise students perceptions/expectations from scripted feedback on their assignments.Identify the gaps between what is known and what is not known through literature.Signifi slewce of the divisionIt is well recognized that feedback is an essential constituent of academic discipline which offers status and improvement in learning as well as in commandment in any discipl ine (Corcoran, Halverson, Schindler., 2014 Giles, Gilbert, McNeill, 2014 Horeman et al., 2013 Matzie et al., 2009 Rogers et al., 2012). tuberosity feedback plays an important role in learning and teaching part whether it is provided or received. There are a few studies conducted on feedback in nursing academia to explore varied aspects of feedback in clubhouse to improve learning and teaching in nursing education. literature search strategyIn order to explore the studies conducted on teachers practices about feedback on written assignments, an ample search was conducted through a number of Databases, including PubMed, Cumulative Index to nurse and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Google scholar, and Science direct. Different key price were used to search the existing data on the selected topic. The terms used in searching databases were written assignment, teachers practices teachers feedback. Written feedback was the inclusion criteria in searching literature notwithstand ing the studies conducted other than nursing discipline were to a fault included. Most of the studies conducted in substantial countries e.g. Canada, USA, U.K, England, Norway, and Australia. There are rough(a) studies conducted in Asian countries, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and in Pakistan barely unpublished. The detailed flow plot for search strategy is following(Flow diagram for literature selection)In addition, substantial assistance was also attainn from librarian in order to access some online articles, which were quite relevant to the topic. Furthermore, persona lists in all including studies were explored and randomnessary sources which were quite relevant to the chosen topic were searched manually for reading and including literature as a primary source. Moreover, ii unpublished theses of Iqbal (2013) Teachers accounts of their perceptions and practices of providing written feedback to nursing students on their assignments and Khowajas (2011) students perceptions a nd their responses to written feedback in nursing degree program in Karachi have been issued from library in order to review and include necessary and important information in this paper. I have also attended seminar which was conducted by one of senior student on a relatively similar topic (feedback to improve learning) to get additional information in order to augment my paper.Literature reviewLiterature review has organized according to four distinct themes.Importance/Usefulness of written feedbackCharacteristics of effective feedbackChallenges for teachers and students in feedbackDiscrepancy in teachers and students perception about feedback1. Importance/Usefulness of written feedbackFeedback is given to students from faculty for their improvements and making them aware about their progress and informing them about their strength and areas for improvement (Bourgualt, Mundy Joshua, 2013 Corcoran et al., 2014 Giles, Gilbert, McNeill, 2014 Horeman et al., 2013 Khowaja, 2011 Rog ers et al., 2012). On the contrary, MacLellan (2001) argued that the most common declare oneself of the students and the staff for feedback is to grade or rank the achievement. Braend et al. (2010) directed a see on one-fifth year medical students at the University of Oslo and recommended that most of the students considered triangulation feedback from teachers and patients valuable and time-consuming. Rogers, et al. (2012) had conducted an interventional case to focus student-centred approach for improving feedback in medical education in the clinical settings. The comfort rate was significantly higher in the group receiving feedback with instruction manual rather than the group receiving compliments without any instructions (p. 23).No doubt, feedback plays an important role in students learning and improvements, provided it is also a fact, that feedback in the form of evaluation is also used for the heading of ranking the students achievements. Although one author argued with other researchers findings but according to second author feedback was considered useful in another scene (to grade achievement). Furthermore, some of the studies had conducted in comparison of different feedback channels to the students. Besides that, instructions for the students are very useful in clinical settings.2. Characteristics of effective feedbackQuality feedback should be within time limit, explicit, productive and should be based upon non-judgmental attitude (Bienstock et al., 2007, p. 508). Newton, Wallace, and McKimm (2012) conducted interventional psychoanalyse changing from a free-text feedback form to a simple structured feedback proforma center the areas of improvement in students performance which has increased in both the measuring and quality of feedback. In addition, Maclellan (2001) also inquired about students sagaciousness of feedback and reason out that learning occurs when students really perceive feedback as an enabling and back up tool for i mprovement rather than universe judgemental about their achievements. Moreover, it was concluded that teachers should openly discuss with the students how they can integrate this feedback in their upcoming papers (Hyland, 2003, p. 228). In addition, There should be a balance between strength and areas for improvements while providing feedback to students to make it useful for them (Hyland, F., Hyland, K., 2001). There is a great importance of engineering in enhancing feedback for the students in their practical tasks as feedback is recorded for students so they can reflect upon themselves and can review their weakness and strengthening areas (Corrigan Hardham, 2011). Bourgualt, Mundy and Joshua (2013) conducted a archetype need by using audio feedback on student nurses written assignments and concluded that instructors focus was on the provision of positive/constructive feedback as the instructors were high alert before giving feedback and they had also highlighted the importan t areas to per centum with the students for their improvement (p.44).The excellence of feedback depends upon many components which should be kept in consideration to make it effective. Except these features, effective feedback depends upon the form in which it is used whether in a simple form or some kind of structured form. Different studies concluded different aspects of quality feedback but the focus of most of the studies was to keep balance between students strength and areas for improvements and feedback should be simple and unaffixed for the students to interpret so that they could incorporate the feedback into their next assignments. Moreover, teachers should incorporate advanced applied science to make feedback effective and keep in consideration of students belief or get wording about feedback while providing feed back to them.3. Challenges for teachers and studentsLanguage and wording is a big challenge for the teachers in providing feedback to students and for the s tudents in understanding and reading the meaning of feedback (Bailey Garner, 2010 Weaver, 2006). Schartel (2012) determined that numerous medical educators have limited knowledge about theoretical models of feedback and also dearth of skills in providing feedback (p.77). Harvey, Radomski and OConnor (2013) conducted a study on medical students for clinical supervision and concluded that only 16% written feedback statements focused on the forward learning objectives for the students.From the above mentioned studies findings, it can be analyzed that the focus of the studies was on the language, knowledge and vocabulary of the teachers which they used in providing feedback to the students. In this context, students often valued feedback but tutors comments would be more useful for them. Furthermore, sometime tutors do not provide detailed feedback to the students because of some contributing factors, sometime, personal, or institutional. Teachers should get proper training for feedbac k and should be dexterous in giving feedback.4. Discrepancy in teachers own practices and students perception about feedbackI have experienced in my academic career being a student and being a teacher that teachers have different perceptions and different opinions on the purpose for providing feedback to the students and teachers do not know how their students would take their feedback and how it would be helpful for them. There is also ample evidence from literature to support that there is a great controversy between teachers perception about providing feedback and students expectation and interpretations of those written comments (Carless, 2006 Garner Bailey 2010 Goldstein, 2004 Jensen et al, (2012). Moreover, Weaver 2006) concluded that students need support from faculty to understand feedback what they mean to it. He also determined a number of themes about feedback which are solely awkward for the students like comments too broad or unclear, lack of direction, intensive nega tive comments Moreover, these findings also supported by Bailey and Garner (2010) by suggesting that teachers are not very sure about the purpose of providing feedback to their students. (p. 187). Another similar kind of study has been done in order to explore the gap between faculty and the residents for receiving and giving feedback. Jensen, et al. (2012) concluded that residents/students satisfaction for the feedback was significantly lower than the satisfaction level of the faculty for giving feedback (p.248). In addition, Parboteeah and Anwar (2009) suggested that teachers considered feedback more useful rather than students in many contexts. On the contrary, capital of Alabama and Baker (2007) conducted research by triangulation design between students and faculty and they recommended that there is a well synchronization between students perception about feedback and teachers self-assessment in giving feedback to their students (p. 82).All the studies conducted on the above me ntioned theme, concluded that there is a great diversity among teachers and students in the process of feedback, but there is only one study (Montgomery Baker, 2007) revealed synchronization among students and faculty about feedback.Gap in literatureThere is enough evidence from existing literature about students perceptions regarding feedback and teachers expectation from students. Literature also available on a discrepancy in teachers actual practices in providing feedback to students and what they believe to provide. There is a need to explore the factors influence teachers practices to provide feedback which they really want to provide and what is the extent of those factors in Pakistani Nursing context.Restatement of problem and its significance/implication for nursingDespite of importance of feedback in educational system, only one study has conducted in Pakistani context on teachers practices about feedback, which is unpublished yet. But none of the study conducted on what f actors influence on teachers practices for written feedback and what is the extent of pre-determined factors affecting teachers practices in providing written feedback to students. This study probably would add new knowledge to the existing phenomena of written feedback and new interventions could be designed based on the study findings to improve or enhance the teachers practices for providing written feedback to their students ultimately to boost learning and teaching practices in nursing education.ConclusionTo conclude, Feedback is not only important from students perspective but it is also significant from faculty and educational objectives. There are many studies conducted on the given phenomena but all the studies conducted in developed countries and some of them in Asian countries. Almost all the studies are designed qualitatively, some mixed methods, but none of the study designed quantitative. There is a need to explore the extent of mold factors influencing teachers pract ices in providing feedback which they really want to give to their students, so that according to study findings, interventions could be designed to improve teachers practices in nursing education.

Development of the ECCE Sector in Ireland

discipline of the ECCE Sector in IrelandAnne-Marie KeeganHistorical emergence the role of the organization of the ECCE welkin in Ireland from the 1960s up to and including the present day.I am going to relieve the historical development of the ECCE vault of heaven in Ireland from the 1960s up to and including the present day. I pull up stakes besides c over the future(a) pointsHistorical development of the ECCE. meet chance statute.Historical development of the ECCE. over the past 50 course of studys Ireland has change overd completely regarding the political sympathies, sm for separately one(prenominal) fryc ar and its families. Ireland convention aloney had a laissez-faire policy approach with regarding the peasantren. Laissez-faire means the policy of departure things to take their sustain course, with by interfering. A laissez-faire attitude to life (Oxford dictionaries, 2014). The administration bear now come up with the idea of funding a bounteous pres chool year this was aimed at families that could non afford to send their kidren to preschool, so on that pointfore this is an advant advance for the s openrren antique 3-4 years as they argon addting the education they need. As supposen in the 1960s it was quite a custom for the men to feat on the likes of farms and for the women to stay at home and disposition their children. The women were not on the wholeowed in the work place in the 1960s. All of this change so much during the Celtic Tiger. Nowadays you would r atomic number 18ly see as tradition was in the first place, a ho deemwife and a working father. This has as well changed family structure over the past 60 years. Whereas nowadays it would be more(prenominal) than natural for children to be raised by a 1 stir family or even step pargonnts. Also now divorce has nonplus more acceptance than before in the 1960s where it would energize been lour upon. Childcargon has been more just about m otherwises tha n fathers, whereas now the childc atomic number 18 context of uses be coiffure to introduce the fathers into this determinedting as part of diversity. From this setting there ar more groups which incur been set up to jockstrap the children like the hobby e picky(a) ask assistant, childc ar committees and after school groups which is a sensation on one and scarce(a) session.Equal probability statute lawDuring the past 50 years there has been a major change to cont work out opportunity in Ireland. The government has brought in the date e attri plainlye act 1998. This is establish on the 9 understanding of discrimination, which areGenderFamily status marital statusAgeDisabilitySexual orientation holiness locomoteMembership of the traveller association.So from the to a higher place 9 grounds the child divvy up setting testament abide by these for warning there allow for be no judgement on the children who attend the crche for role model their race or even relig ion. So I think that the government had the in dear order idea bringing in this legislation as in the 1960s they would cod discriminated against m both deal, moreover now its quite decent and fair how wad are been handle.There are many incompatible types of discrimination for fashion modelDirect Discrimination Happens where a person is inured less favourably specifically on one of the nine invidious grounds.Indirect Discrimination Happens where there is less favour qualified treatment in effect e.g. where multitude are refused a attend or employment not explicitly on account of a discriminatory fence only when because of a practice or requirement which they find harder to apply residents association for example.Discrimination by Association Happens where a person associated with another person is do by less favourably because of that association. (Equal at work)Other serious legislation which the government have brought in regarding the ecce setting isWhite p aper on aboriginal childhood education. Ready to key (1999)Q2. Discuss both pieces of statutory legislation that the ECCE settings mustiness adhere to defend the bene converge of children.I will address the side by side(p) two1. Equal Opportunity symbolise (2000)This act is ground on the 9 grounds of discrimination, which are as followsMarital StatusFamily StatusRaceReligionAgeDisabilitySexual OrientationGenderMembership of the traveller CommunityThe above 9 grounds of discrimination allow for anybody to find the afores attend to(prenominal) opportunitys, without been discriminated for example their sexuality or home(a)ity. My understanding of this act is that everyone is authorize to be treated with the same amount of respect as any other person. It besides promotes advertity and diversity, which is an excellent thing.Child carry on Act 1991.From my understanding of this that it has the best interests of the child at heart. It also has high whole tone standards, for example, the childcare setting should be all-embracingy staffed to the national ratios and also to the place stomachd. The act has now been implemented and basic counterbalances of the children should be met. There has been not bad(p) measures been met daily to protect children from danger, for example, no one waits until a child has been burnt by fire or run down by a car to teach them about fires and road risklessty. Donohue and Gaynor.Q3. Discuss and evaluate the children first gear guidelines for the protection and well-being of children in Ireland.DiscussThis Act came about in 2011, by the minister for children and youth affairs, Ms. Frances Fitzgerald TD. The guidance its self-deals with recognising, reporting and the way of child safety concerns. It sets out a number of key points in simile to the protection of children. Some of the key points are the safety and welfare of children, childrens eudaemonia, saver a perishs for children and also the reporting of concerns and co-operation with statutory bodies.Children first is national guidance that promotes the protection of children from abuse and neglect. It also ground of matters what organisations need to do to note children safe, and what the worldwide common should do if they have a query about a childs safety and welfare. The guidelines are set out specifically for the HSE social workers, Garda and other forms of professionals working with suspected abuse and neglect. Its very definitive that the unalike agencies role the nurture that they have as, as it is in the best interest of the children, which is what the guidance is all about to manipulate better outcomes in the future.Anybody can memorize the childrens first document, but it is e fussyly for the HSE social workers, Garda and children first staff working directly with the children for example teachers, the health firmament and clubs.All organisations have responsibilities, including the likes of schools, Gover nment Departments, public sector agencies, funded organisations and health returns. They all have the responsibility to safeguard the children by facelift cognisance within the organisation about potential risks to childrens safety and welfare.Promoting the general welfare, health, development and safety of children.Adopting and consistently applying a safe and cl proto(prenominal) delimit method of recruiting and selecting staff and volunteers.Developing effective procedures for responding to accidents and complaints.If organisations have concerns for children they should contact the HSE as they will deal with them effectively. Children first was first published in 1999. The teaching and substance of the document (2011) are unchanged. The guidance has been updated to reflect new policy, legislation and organisation (HSE, HIQA, DoCYA). The document reflects the ongoing of bullying as a have of abuse.The guidance will make children safer as the guidance is make fit for purpose. If the public need teaching on this guidance they can lay down it in each Garda station, general practioner, primary schools and secondary schools as one hard copy has been stomachd. People can also get their information off the following sites www.dcya.ie and www.hse.ie .EvaluationFrom reading about the Children First content Guidance 2011, I myself have come up with the following conclusion.It focuses on the child needs, which is quite important.The child is continuously the Centre, meaning the child always comes first in any of the situations which occur.A person apply to work in the childcare sector, now needs to be fully garda vetted as to the childs protection is the principal(prenominal) priority.The guidance is focused on a saver life for the children and all agencies working together to action this.Q4. Outline two pieces of social policy one national and one worldwide. Discuss the impact on the welfare of children and families.InternationalUN principle.This policy consists of 54 different articles regarding to the sort outs of a child. It basically open ups everyone under the age of 18 the following paysThe just to a name.The right to an education.The right to agnise their rights and responsibilities.The right to fair water.The right to live and develop.The right to be safe from harm and neglect.The right to privacy.The right to heath care.The right to a nationality.The right to be treated equally and fairly.So as you can see from the above points, the UN dominion is all about focusing on the rights of the child. A from or so of the articles which I will credit entry below, they focus on the wellbeing of the children and their families. name 2All children have these rights, no enume array who they are, where they live, what their parents do, what language they speak, what their religion is, whether they are a boy or girl, what their culture is, whether they have a disability, whether they are rich or poor. No child should be treat ed unfairly on any basis.I think this article explains itself really as not one person should feel any different, and everyone should be treated the same so that the families and their children all feel the same and no different from other people.Article 7You have the right to a name, and this should be officially recognised by the government. You have the right to a nationality (to blend to a rustic).This means that all is welcome in to a country without feeling left out.Article 9You have the right to live with your parent(s), unless it is bad for you. You have the right to live with a family who cares for you.All children and their families have the right to live a happy life of their own without any haphazardness from others. This is necessary for their wellbeing.Article 11You have the right to be protected from snatch.All children should be safe from any kind of kidnapping no matter where they live.Article 12You have the right to give your opinion, and for adults to listen an d take it seriously.I really like this article a lot as I recall that if each and every child spoke out about their problems, that it could save lives in later years. It would by all odds create a bond with the child and their parents, which is great for both of their wellbeings.Article 13You have the right to find out things and share what you think with others, by public lecture, drawing, and writing or in any other way unless it harms or offends other people.All children and adults are and should be allowed to utter their feelings in whichever way they like, as its not a good idea to hold it all inside, As said above its alright unless it harms or offends others.Article 14You have the right to choose your own religion and beliefs. Your parents should cooperate you decide what is right and wrong, and what is best for you.I call back that everyone should choose their own religion, as there is too much scrap over what religion people are. People should feel safe in which rel igion they wish to choose, as it is their own choice and they should not be bullied into it.Article 17You have the right to get information that is important to your well-being, from radio, newspaper, books, computers and other sources. Adults should make sure that the information you are getting is not harmful, and aid you find and understand the information you need.Article 20You have the right to special care and help if you cannot live with your parents.This is necessary in some situations, and sometimes it is for the wellbeing of the child. So therefore it is alright.Article 21You have the right to care and protection if you were adopted or are in foster care.Article 23You have the right to special education and care if you have a disability, as well as all the rights in this Convention, so that you can live a full life.I really agree with this article as I believe no matter what all children even with a disability should be entitled to a fair education. An everyone should be treated the same.Article 26You have the right to help from the government if you are poor or in need.This is very well needed, as some families need help and have nowhere to get it from. This could cause the child to get bullied in school and could lead to low self-esteem, which is not good for their health or well-being. So yes the government should help out.Article 27You have the right to food, clothing, and a safe place to live and to have your basic needs met. You should not be disadvantaged so that you cant do many of the things other kids can do.Again this is similar to the above article.Article 29Your education should help you use and develop your talents and abilities. It should also help you learn to live peacefully, protect the environment and respect other people.If this is make the right way without the child been forced to develop their skills, the child will be amazing at their talent. This will give them a spacious confidence boost and make them happy.Article 33You have the right to protection from harmful drugs and from the drug trade.Each and every child is entitled to live a drug free life this should not be forced upon them in anyway.Article 34You have the right to be free from sexual abuse.Article 42You have the right to know your rights Adults should know about these rights and help you learn about them, too.All adults should explain the rights of a child to their children, as its good for the adult to learn them too.Articles 43 to 54These articles explain how governments and international organisations like UNICEF will work to escort children are protected with their rights.The above articles (italic only) were cited on http//www.oco.ie/education-and-human-rights/un-convention-on-the-rights-of-the-child.htmlSo from reading the above and finding out about them, I have learned that the UN Convention is definitely well and truly needed for the safety and well-being of the child and also their families. An each and every person is entitled to these no matter what their circumstances are. An also its good that the government will help out those who are in need. People dont actually realise this, but this is actually saving some peoples lifes knowing that there is help out there, in which is excellent for their health and well-being in a way.NationalConstitution of IrelandThe composing is a document in which recognises and declares that the people living in Ireland have certain fundamental rights. These are natural human rights and are protected by the constitution. Not every fundamental right which we have is set out by the constitution, only the rights which are specifically stated in the constitution. Fundamental rights can be limited or even restricted by the oi take intas on the grounds, for example, public order or for the common good.Some of the main constitution rights areE theatrical role before the lawRight to life emancipation of thoughtfulnessFreedom of associationBodily integrityTrial by venireThe righ t to privacyThe right to earn a livelihoodFreedom to travelThe rights of the familyAll of the above are in relation to the wellbeing of children and their families as they were made to give or make their lives happier. The constitution is all about giving children and their families their basic rights, as one of the above rights is, right to life, every single human should be entitled to this and live it in which way they possibly feel like, without any interference from others. The constitution was made so that everyone including children and their families can live a life of their own, without and interference and to which happiness they would like. This increases their confidence knowing that they have these rights. It was also set up for their protection for example, no person can working the childcare sector without being garda vetted first. This is needed as you need to feel save come forth your children a childcare setting, and also the child needs to feel safe and secure. S o to sum all of this up the constitution has an extremely important part in a childs and familys health and wellbeing. It is there to help all, an people need to know and learn more about their rights.ReferencesOxford dictionaries. (2014). oxford dictionaries. Oxford university press. UK.http//www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/laissez-faire assessed 20/02/2014.Equal at work. Equality legislation-a summary. Ireland equal at work. Cited on www.dublinpact.ie/word/equalitylegislation-irl.doc. Accessed on 21/02/2104.The Ombudsman for children (2110). UN Convention on the rights of the child. The Ombudsman for children. Ireland. Cited onhttp//www.oco.ie/education-and-human-rights/un-convention-on-the-rights-of-the-child.html accessed on 25/02/2014.Donohue,J and Gaynor, f. (2011). tuition AND CARE 4TH EDITION in the early years. Spain. Gill and McMillan. rapscallion 162.Word count 2735.Anne-Marie KeeganPage 1Development of the ECCE Sector in IrelandDevelopment of the ECCE Sec tor in IrelandContents (Jump to)IntroductionHistorical development of the ECCE sector in IrelandProvisions for ECCEECCE SchemeDAIChild emolument welfare frequent Health Nurses HealthEqual opportunity legislation and mention at least three items of legislation and relevant to childrenShow how you respect a quality ECCE environment that complies with relevant regulations and standards.First aidBehaviour forethoughtSoltaConclusionBibliographyIntroductionThis report will research and discuss the historical development of the ECCE sector in Ireland with relation to the Child commission Act 1991, equal opportunity act and more legislation that set up the grounds in developing the ecce sector. Next it will suppose at two ECCE provisions set up by the state such(prenominal) as public health nurses and child eudaemonia. Then it will have a look at one health and welfare provision set up by the state. Then it will have a look at the equal opportunity legislation with legislation and p olicy that affect children in the ECCE sector. Lastly it will show how to hold in a quality ECCE environment that complies with current ECCE regulation and standers with relation to the pre-school regulations and the equal opportunity act.Historical development of the ECCE sector in IrelandIn early Ireland most childcare was done at home by the buzz off or the grandparents. This is because the father in the family main role was to pop the question for the family and the mothers main role was a home carer. Only a limited fewer mothers worked outside the home. From the 1960-1990 Ireland was changing immensely with Ireland opening up to European and international ideas and technology base economy urbanizing Ireland causing families to fail to cities and towns away from their elongated family. More women were joining the workforce by the 1990s because the Celtic tiger, this made advocate support dishs to fuck off such as wee puerility Ireland. The Child Care Act 1991 and presch ool regulations scrawled the emendment of childcare in Ireland. The 1991 act gave the HSE the duty to promote the welfare of the child but this act was largely unregulated because an inspection system wasnt open up until 1997. The preschool regulation act improved the structure and the process of childcare in Ireland and also set up an inspection system. In 2000 the government came in with the equal Opportunities Childcare Programme for a national development plan was established to improve the quality of childcare and also increased participation. In family 2007 the updated pre-school regulations 2006 came into effect, these regulation gave the childcare practitioners very specific requirements on how their childcare service should be ran such as child to adult ratio, suitcapable alimentary foods, and register for the children and many more regulations. These are set to improve the quality of all ECCE sectors. The ECCE set up a scheme called the free year programme. This progra mme is set up to give children a pre-school year to get them ready for primary school and give them the first learning experiences and becomes the start of their social and learning developmentProvisions for ECCEECCE SchemeThe Early Childhood Care and Education scheme gives parents the choice to put their children into a free year of early childhood care an education if they are aged between 3 years and 3 months and 4 years and 6 months on the first of September in which the service starts. Exceptions can be made if a child is verified as having a special need making a later starting date acceptable. The customary pattern for the free pre-school year is three hours a day over a 38 week period, if you go over these three hours you will be charged extra. Children over the age limit due to special needs might be able to be exempt from the age limit on the ECCE scheme if parents write to the Department of Children and Youth personal matters asking for an exemption from the age limit .Children with a disability are allowed to spread their free year programme over a two year period if they would service from this. There is no charge for parents availing this service. The state capitation fee pays these childcare services to provide the ECCE hours. Parents might be asked to pay for extra activities but these have to be optional and there must be other appropriate activities set up for the children not fetching part.DAIThe dyslexia association of Ireland (DAI) was founded in 1972 to work with and for people that are affected by dyslexia. The DAI provides information, offers suitable support services and help in representing and raising awareness about dyslexia. Their vision is for a society that is dyslexia friendly where they are able to reach their level best potential. Everyone with dyslexia has appropriate support and identification to achieve their maximum potential in all aspects in life. Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that affects reading and spelling skills with around 10% of Ireland affected. There are a lot of services the DAI provide such as information services through every form of communication. They have an assessment service that has a team of educational psychologists that work with children new people and adults. They also have other services like tuition for both adults and children who have been diagnosed with dyslexia. For people with dyslexia the dyslexia association website has every single bit of information that somebody with dyslexia would need even putting a feature on their page so people with dyslexia who struggle reading black on whiteness can change the background colour of the page to make is easier for them to readChild benefit welfareParents or defenders can submit child benefit for a child under the age of 16 or under 18 if that child is in a youth reach programme, full time education or has a disability. Child benefit is not eligible for children age 18 of over because in the eye of the law they are now an adultChild benefit for gibe is paid at one and half of the monthly rate for each individual child, other multiple births is double the rate.To apply for child benefit you need to apply within the first month of your childs birth. The month you became guardian of the child or the month you family came to live in Ireland. To keep on child benefit after age 16 for a child with a disability you have to apply a month before the childs 16th birthday. For children in full time education child benefit will continue until the month of June stop and resume that September when they start back at education. EU citizens living in Ireland can statute title child benefit even if your child is not in the country, but if he is living in an EU country where regulations apply you should claim for family benefit that you are entitled to there. The child benefit monthly rate is 140 per child it increased by 5 in January of 2015 popular Health Nurses Health state-supported Health N urses are usually based in a towns local health centre and they are each assigned to different places and geographical areas all over Ireland. These public health nurses are employed by the health service executive to provide the corporation with a range of health care services. These services are provided in a range of different places such as community centres, day care centres, schools, health centres and in peoples homes they provide basic treat care, advice and assistance to all their patients. For terminally ill patients they can provide spend nursing and twilight nursing. Sometimes public health nurses sometimes understand mothers and their new-born babies. They also visit primary schools in arrangements with the school health services. Public health nurses keep a register for old people and people with a disability and visit them in some areas in Ireland. For people in Ireland with communication difficulties or disorders public health nurses can provide a speech and lang uage therapy.Equal opportunity legislation and mention at least three items of legislation and relevant to childrenThe main principles bottom of the inning the equal status acts are that everyone equally has the right to live and enter in societys services without being discriminated against. The people who provide these public services cannot discriminate against the nine grounds of discrimination that areRaceReligionAgeGenderSexualityDisabilitiesTravelling communityMarital statusThe civil partnership groundIn relation to a child care setting all these grounds have to be followed, for example. A member of the travelling community has to be allowed to use all ECCE services and that child cannot be bullied or discriminated against in that service because of the family they come from where they live. A childcare worker has to treat that child the same as any other in their serviceAnother example is for children with a disability such as a child in a wheel chair. Public services must have the facilities to be able to cater for the childs needs such as wheel care ramps and elevators so the child can freely move around the createAnother example is sex a young boy cannot be discriminated against if he call fors to do an activity such as ballet. Just because the majority of people who do ballet are egg-producing(prenominal) does not mean the young child should be discriminated against and also girls who want to do activities such as a physically sport such as rugby, this childs decisions should be respectedShow how you maintain a quality ECCE environment that complies with relevant regulations and standards.The preschool regulations are set to improve the standards in child care and to ensure the health, welfare and safety of pre-school children in promoting their developmentFirst aidIn a childcare building there should always be a first aid concussion in the building. Should also be a person who has a aptitude in first aid in the building at all times. On day s outside the building with the children a first aid box should be brought along and the person with the first aid competency should also come along with the children. This is to make sure if anything happened the child the child-minder is able to help the child. This links with the pre-school regulations 2006 regulation 6Behaviour managementIn the 2006 pre-school regulations it clearly states in regulation 9 that A person carrying on a pre-school service shall ensure that no corporal punishment is inflicted on a pre-school child attending the service (Anon., 2008) Therefore in the childcare setting every child should be respected there should be no practices that are neglectful emotionally or physically harmful, intimidating, degrading or disrespectful.SoltaSolta is the national quality framework for early childhood education, solta is made to asses, define and support the improvement of the quality of practice in all ECCE sectors with children in their service ages 0-6 years. The 16 standards give all childcare practitioners a vision to apply to all aspects of the ECCE practice some examples of these are standards areEach child in the service has the right to make their own choices and decisions and all their own choices made should be respected, this is stated in the 4th standards of SoltaEach child is allowed to take their own initiate in the activities that they do giving them the appropriately level of independence and support in the child problem solving, this is stated in the foremost standard of SoltaThese 12 standards give early childhood and care practitioners a standard of quality in which all sectors of the ECCE must apply in their services.ConclusionIn this report it has looked at the historical development of the ECCE sector in Ireland talking about the roles of the family before the Celtic tiger, the childcare act 1991 the pre-school regulations 1996 and 2006, the equal opportunity act 2000 and the ECCE scheme 2010. The report past looks at two state provisions set up by the state, talking about the ECCE scheme set up to help people in disadvantaged and disabled children in Ireland, and the DAI (Dyslexia association of Ireland) set up to help and give people with dyslexia the information needed. Next the report looks at one health and welfare provision state up by the state that are, child benefit for welfare, set up to help parents with children in full time education or children with disabilities and public health nurses as health, set up to provide the community with range of health care services. The report then has a look at the equal opportunity legislation and mentions three items of policy and legislation that are relevant to children in the ECCE sector. Lastly, the report shows you how to maintain a quality ECCE setting with relevant regulations and standards talking about solta and the preschool rights.BibliographyAnon., 2008. northtipperarychild.ie. Online uncommitted at http//www.northtipperarychildcare.ie /docs/Guideline-on-Developing-a-Behaviour-Management-Policy-for-pre-school-services.pdf Accessed 29 5 2015.Anon., 2015. Online Available at http//www.citizensinformation.ie/en/social_welfare/social_welfare_payments/social_welfare_payments_to_families_and_children/child_benefit.html Accessed 29 may 2015.Anon., n.d. gillmacmillan.ie. Online Available at http//www.gillmacmillan.ie/AcuCustom/Sitename/ block/058/Early_Care_and_Education_Practice_-_Look_Inside_Sample.pdf Accessed 29 may 2015.Anon., n.d. siolta.ie. Online Available at http//siolta.ie/ Accessed 1 june 2015.Anon., n.d. www.hse.ie. Online Available at http//www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/1/LHO/CavanMonaghan/Public_Health_Nurse/ Accessed 30 may 2015.dyslexia.ie, n.d. www.dyslexia.ie. Online Available at http//www.dyslexia.ie/

Ethical Dilemmas Facing Social Workers Social Work Essay

Ethical Dilemmas Facing br separately Workers Social Work hearSocial doers face ethical dilemmas on a daily basis, Banks illustrates this in her quotation ethical dilemmas occur when the companion satisfactory engageer sees herself as preen most a choice between two adjoinly unwelcoming alternatives, which may relate a conflict of honour open harbors, and it is non clear which choice leave behind be the indemnify one (Banks 200613). Banks implies that loving endureers argon often refer in soulfulnessal and even painful issues and ethical judgements in genial work that argon near mankindkind welf atomic number 18 (Banks 2006155). This poses m any(prenominal) take exceptions as decisions made are likely to be action changing for returns mappingrs. It is therefore eventful for a hearty worker to be able to justify natural action (or inaction) accordingly. The facts of a case alone do- nonhingnot determine what action must be resignn, it would be im possible to make choices without value (Beckett and Maynard 20057). It is all important(p) for a hearty worker to switch a strong value arse from which they work. In some instances problems may arise as favorable workers come into the profession with their own set of ad hominem value and these may conflict with their overlord set. Hence what Banks refers to as conflict of moral set (Banks 200613). Personal values cannot simply be eradicated beca do they conflict with professional values, besides we must keep our values and assumptions under review, and be open to some other arguments and other ideas (Beckett and Maynard 200517). In the case scenario of the Bertrams the alternatives are unwelcoming and in order to pilot the value maze in favorable work (Wilson, Ruch, Lymbery and Cooper 200892) mixer workers use various theories to inform employ.Kantism also referred to as deontology was derived from the ideas of philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). Kant cogitated pe ople should be treated as an end and not a gist to an end. By this Kant plasteredt people should be valued and pryed as an individual and not used for the benefit of others. Hence, Kant believed that everyone should be treated equally. Kants ideology was to set aside peoples view of religion and spiritual beliefs and move to the idea of universe rational. rationalness enables people to understand what their duties are and how their duties enlighten what they do in the initiation (Parrott 2010 500). Kant also believed that by using reason this would develop a concordant moral system of rules. In the case of the Bertrams if the friendly worker were to use the deontological positioning to guide her decision- qualification it would be important to value Mrs Bertram as a person because the core of this perspective is extol for persons (Beckett Maynard 200535). This goes hand in hand with the British Association of Social Workers (BASW) Code of Ethics key principles Respect f or human dignity Value for every human being, their beliefs, goals, preferences and asks and Respect for human rights and self determination (BASW 2010).Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) developed the philosophical theory of Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism looks at the consequences of actions balance the relative advantages and disadvantages of a special course of action, (Parrott 2010 54)Therefore one persons pitiful is acceptable as the greatest number of people is happy. There are two principles of utilitarianism, the principles of justice and return. The principle of justice is about being equal and fair as the value of everyones happiness should be the aforementioned(prenominal). The principle of utility signifies the greatest good for everyone. In many cases these two principles clash as the minority of people are unhappy. In the case scenario of the Bertrams her happiness should be valued and it would be important to withdraw the repercussions of going against her wishes if it were construeed in her top hat interests. A companionable worker would be expected to balance Mrs Bertrams right to self-determination, her safety and the concerns of her family for her welfare as it is often the kind workers job to task the whole situation and work for a solution in the go around interests of all guard-to doe with (Banks 2006167).Virtue morality is a theory that looks into an individuals character. Ones deservingness ethical motive are developed by their personal belief system and this determines their character. Virtue moral philosophy is an approach according to which the basic judgments in ethics are judgments about character (Statman, 19977). Ethical issues are embedded in alliances and responsibilities. An individual may lie to be seen as virtuous because they fate to be seen as an honest person. Radical social work is seen as belonging to an area of social work which can also be known as critical or activist social work. The mathematical group position takes a transformational view of social work, and as such is concerned with transforming society to benefit the most oppressed rather than focusing on the individual (Hill, 2010). Payne (1997) suggests some typical views are that problems are defined as social and structural rather than individual. McIntyre (1982) cited in Payne (1997) summarises the radical approaches criticisms of traditional social work as traditional social work reduces complex social problems into individual psychological ones, it cuts military service users off from others who may share the same problem and it reinforces the capitalist social order that is oppressive. The radical position sees the professionalization of social work as alienating workers from service users.Praxis is the move of thinking and acting. It is like a spiral of thought and action, or a praxis spiral. Praxis is integral to social work entrust and comes in the form of reflection. In social work theory, praxis is the refle xive blood between theories and action. It describes a cyclical process of social work interactions developing new theories and refining old ones. In order to work anti-oppressively social workers impoverishment to reflect on factors that influence their practice they then need to incorporate the results of this reflection into their practice (Lee, 2001).Downie and Telfer (1969, 1980) state that respect can be regarded as an active sympathy towards some other human being (Banks S, 2006 29). Darwell (1995) outlines two types of respect, recognition respect and appraisal respect. Recognition respect is in essence when a human being is worthy of respect whether it is for something they eat communicated verbally or through their actions. Appraisal respect is acknowledging ones qualities. The level of respect would reflect on the qualities guiden. Kantism has had an influence on the moral principle of respect in a consanguinity between a social worker and the service user. (Banks S, 2006 31) In order for a social worker to show full respect there are four key elements that take a shit to be met, these are, acknowledgement, preservation, non-destruction and engagement (Banks and Gallagher, 2009).Relativism suggests that all points of view are equally sound and the individual determines what is full-strength and relative for individuals. Relativism theorises that truth is diametrical for diffe exact people, not simply that different people believe different things to be dependable. intrinsic relativism allows us to be rulers of our own principles and how we chose to live our lives. Cultural relativism is the view that moral beliefs and practises vary with and depend on the human needs and social conditions of erupticular cultures so that no moral belief can be universally true. (A E Holmes 1984). is this a direct quote? Descriptive Ethical relativism believes that different cultures draw different moral values and normative ethical relativism suggests that separately culture is right unto itself.The Collins English Dictionary (2009) defines values as the moral principles and beliefs of a person or group and ethics as a social, religious or civil mandate of behaviour considered correct, specially that of a particular group, profession, or individual. Therefore values can be seen as the fundamental beliefs that an individual or group holds to be true and ethics the more formalised rules or guidelines of an organization or society. Banks (2010) states that values are regarded as particular types of belief that people hold about what is regarded as worthy or valuable. (direct quote ?need pg number) Although values are personal to us as individuals, they may also be dual-lane by the society or culture in which we live. Our values are formed through personal development and socialisation and leave behind be influenced by both past and present experiences. (Parrott, 2010) Dubois and Miley (1996) state ethics are concerned with wh at people consider right while values are concerned with what people consider good. Most moral philosophers would define ethics as a singular term, which is used to describe a break of philosophy concerned with the study of Morality, moral problems and moral judgements (Frankena, 1963 cited in Banks, 2006 scallywag number). According to Parrott (2010), ethics can be seen to guide an action and are there to inform and influence any judgements made according to the professional value base of social work. Reamer (2006) provides an insight into the historical origins of values and ethics in social cover and states that they have been at the tail end of social cares mission since its inception. He suggests that social work values and ethics come from four distinct stages the morality head the values spot the ethical theory and decision-making period and the ethical standards and risk management period (Reamer, 2006). These have culminated in the General Social Care Councils (GSCC) code of carry on that is in place today (Barnard, 2008).Social workers are duty recant to adhere to the GSCC codes of practice which acts as an ethical framework. A written code of ethics enables social workers to judge their practice against an ethical standard and enables service users to understand what conduct they should expect from their social worker. If social workers are considered to be in breach of the GSCC codes they can be removed from the social care register and no longer practice. Professional social workers must take responsibility for their actions as they hold a position of trust and baron that is legitimised by the state making ethics an important factor in accountability. The impaction of all practice on service users can be said to be powerful and therefore the ethics and value base emphasises the importance that the moral standing of service users is equal to that of the professional (Hugman, 2008). The theme Occupation Standards (NOS) for Social Worker s state clearly that values and ethics are central to being a competent practitioner. Parrott (2010) suggests that values are important to social work as they provide a common set of principles, which social workers can use and develop as a meat of working in an ethical way with service users.(direct quote ? pg number) He goes on to say that they guide professional behaviour, wait on importanttain a professional identity and protect service users from malpractice. It is important to clarify ones personal values in order to increase ones awareness of the potential conflicts and the impact these may have on ethical decision making. A persons ethnical experiences and background will affect the decisions they make and may bias their behaviour. Social workers must first clarify their own value stance in relation to value-laden issues they meet in practice situations if they want to be true to themselves and to their profession (Dolgoff, 200954).When linking moral philosophy and ethic al dilemmas to social work practice it is important to acknowledge that no one theory provides an answer. Traditionally social work has taken the Kantian approach and focused on the social worker / service user relationship. The need for social work to challenge inequality and oppression on an individual and structural level means radical social work is also still relevant. An overall Kantian Utilitarian Radical approach may be better. (Banks, 2006) The right of a service user to self determination may conflict with a social workers statutory duty if they are potentially endangering their own life or that of others (Clifford and Burke, 2009). Neil Thompson (2006, p40) defines oppression as inhuman or degrading give-and-take of individuals or groups hardship or injustice brought about by the strength of one group over another the negative and demeaning use of power. It often involves disregarding the rights of an individual or group and is thus a denial of citizenship. Service users will predominately come from oppressed and marginalised groups and it is crucial that social workers acknowledge institutional discrimination and avoid inadvertently stereotyping service users, heighten existing oppressions. (Thompson, 2008) Social workers need to be aware of the unequal dispersal of power at bottom organisations and decide how best to advocate and negotiate within these organisations for the best interest of the service user, even if it involves challenging the structure and values of an organisation from within (Dominelli, 2002). Paternalism focuses on the right for social workers with knowledge, authority, and skills to go into the lives of those who need their help, either by self referral or referrals from other professions. Mrs Bertram has been referred by another professional because of her Alzheimers. Ethical awareness is an important part of social work as it gives the social worker the ability and commitment to work alongside other professional s and service users. The Utilitarian view is consequential with the results disposed as much consideration as possible. Therefore when thinking about practice this approach would say to think of the persons outcome (future) when dealing with the present situation. This would mean weighing the good with the bad. The radical approach would empower the service user into change enabling them to overcome problems and equip them with techniques to deal with these independently in the future. Social workers should involve the service user in the decision making process, working in partnership and keeping them fully informed about their case.The starting point of dealing with this case would be an discernment of the Bertrams situation. The assessment task when undertaken in a professional and informed manner is recognise and sets the foundation for further interventions (Wilson, Ruch, Lymbery and Cooper 2008269). The Bertrams financial situation is unclear as it appears that Mr Bertram d oesnt have much inheritance money left which has led to rent arrears. This situation would need to be resolved soon as their landlord is toilsome to evict them for rent arrears and the state of the flat, which could render them both homeless. Mrs Bertrams insight appears to be severely impaired by her end stage Alzheimers and an assessment of the wellness risks may require securing detailed information from the GP about Mrs Bertrams Alzheimers and other health issues, and the likely prognosis. Mr Bertram is believed to be an alcoholic and this could have implications for his health. The likelihood of a positive outcome would perhaps be increased if Mr Bertram could be offered help for alcoholism as well as a carers assessment to train what his needs are. He spends considerable time at his club, leaving his married woman alone in the house vulnerable and at risk. Mrs Bertrams daughters distrust Mr Bertram and believe its in her best interest to be moved into residential care. for wards her illness advanced Mrs Bertram stated she wanted to stay with her husband. Possible options to consider after the assessment would be providing support for Mr and Mrs Bertram at home, moving them into provide accommodation together or moving Mrs Bertram into residential care. All these alternatives may be unwelcoming to the Bertrams therefore in order to bring about any change it would be important to first build a relationship with both Mr Bertram and Mrs Bertram and her daughters applying the Kantist view that the truth is told. This could mean arduous to communicate with Mrs Bertram at select times when she is more lucid and can participate as much as possible. It is important to develop/construct a shared understanding of the problem(s) being faced (Wilson, Ruch, Lymbery and Cooper, 2008282). Judgements should be informed directly by what Mr and Mrs Bertram say about their circumstances. Mr and Mrs Bertram must have a key part in the assessment of their situation, and any issues should be shared allowing them to continue to have as much choice as possible.The strengths of this plan are that Mr and Mrs Bertram will be involved in the care plan and will be able to express their views, as well as Mrs Bertrams daughters being able to contribute towards the care plan. This may build a strong relationship with the family and build on trust so they do co- operate and consider all the options as they will understand that the strategy would be for the health and well being of both Mr and Mrs Bertram. As social workers we need to have a basic understanding of what the Bertrams values are as it would be difficult to empathise and get the necessary understanding of their wishes if we do not. As social workers we could then possibly struggle to make progress when trying to help the Bertrams. This professional development is important as we will use this type of growth everyday in the workplace. In this case the main value/wish seems to be that the Bertrams st ayed together in their home.A social workers personal values may inform their understanding of practice. However, a social worker needs to follow the broader framework provided by anti-oppressive social work ethics. The framework provided allows a place for personal values but challenges social workers to place them within the wider framework where they are accountable to others and they must discontinue from imposing their values and in fact question them. (Clifford and Burke, 2009) Different contributions are made by various ethical perspectives in any given situation and these must be considered. Ethical perspectives must be considered in light of an anti-oppressive approach to practice and in relation to each other as there are occasions when the different perspectives conflict. Social workers have an obligation to work in a way that demonstrates not unaccompanied knowledge of relevant ethical concepts and local laws but also a broader awareness of how ethical values are relat ed to social inequalities and diversities (Clifford and Burke, 2009203) reciprocation Count 2993 (including author details in brackets)

Dubais Tourism Industry

Dubais Tourism IndustryIntroductionDubai is a member republic of the centerfield East region. The whole of this region gener wholey attracts virtually tourists convey to governanceal turmoil which over the decenniums m separate generated tensions and uncertainties not only in the region but in any case in the whole world. Some different hindrances to effective touristry knowledge in the region include leave out of poor state of infrastructural schooling, limited promotion and lack of attracters. In arouse of all these setbacks, Dubai has however managed to see a flourishing touristry application save for its touristry policies. The authorities in the country concord managed to devour sound stinting diversification programmes which together with extensive marketing have resulted in a booming touristry attention. Dubai has heavily invested in high-priced state of the art facilities, undertaken deep marketing and these has resulted in the commenceth of her tour istry. Her future day expectations ar in truth high as reflected by the setting of thrash rocketing arrival targets. Actually Dubai has demonstrated a capability to overcome the challenges confront by the touristry industry and has established itself as an authority in the industry with a precise high growth rate. This therefore makes Dubai an kindle example of a booming Middle East centre for tourism that is fast creating new and more opportunities and realizing its full potential.This notwithstanding, there argon rough constraints that which may inhibit the potentiality of Dubais tourism industry to be achieved. These factors harbinger for review of policies and strategies.Destination development is a key factor in tourism literature and research approaches this theme from various disciplines and perspectives. These perspectives atomic number 18 governing policies.Destinations spatial evolutionBusiness strategies and marketingDevelopment impactsA sarcastic analysis of t hese factors helps indicate whether a place considered for resort is likely to grow into a major(ip) tourism hub or not. For the case of Dubai, tourism has progressed very well over the last terzetto decades and the figures below affirm to thisFactors teleph genius exchange to tourism development in DubaiSocio- Political StabilityUnlike just about of its neighbors Dubai has enjoyed relative calmness over the centuries. Being stable in terms of stintingals, political and social domains is very heavy in ensuring smooth development of tourism. This is because disturbances sc ar away investors as well as tourists and the whole industry as tour operators and agents are discouraged. Dubai be one of the federations of the United Arabian Emirates has lived to the true smell of the federation. Proceeds from sale of oil have enabled Abu Dhabi to finance the federationThereby improving the standards of living and providing security. The rest of the emirates, in turn in provide Abu Dha bi with some strength both geographicly and demographically. Over the years there has been an uninterrupted political perceptual constancy in Dubai together with economic prosperity. Dubai enjoys autonomy in making of economic policies although it has to support other emirates in such matters as defense and foreign relations.Regionally, Dubai acts as an entrepot and promotes herself as the Gulfs financial nexus.Globally, Dubai is viewed as a liberal cosmopolitan society with nigh nil threats of crimes and civil unrest. Dubai is a Muslim state in which women are traditionally inferior to men yet other religions are tolerated. more(prenominal) than 80% of her population is entirely made up of expatriates.Government tourism policyTourism can only thrive in areas where the political systems intelligibly define the economic policies in a manner that is unchanging with the revolutionary needs of the ever growing tourism industry. The semi- autonomous government of Dubai has been a ctively involved in initiating sound policies geared towards improving its tourism industry.The federal authorities have identified tourism as a major economic pillar. Accordingly, the government has heavily invested in stem. Pressured by the spirit of the federation policies, Dubai has made significant improvement in her investment in tourism.Interest in tourism grew against a background of decrease in oil production and the need for diversification of economic activities. Dubai positioned tourism at the centre of this diversification programme together with construction, real estate, media and financial trading.Dubai has also engaged the services of international advisers and external consultants to help in eagerness of strategies to be adopted in improving the growth of the industry. All these measures have seen Dubai earn a reputation of being a tourism hub in the Middle East.AccessibilityTourism development in Dubai is closely link to its advances in the transport sector and its accessibility to the outside world. Dubai has clear ambitions of being a major focus in the air transport in the whole region and to this effect the Dubai authorities are putting in place the necessary infrastructural facilities. Dubais civil aviation has progressed quite well and its airdrome is among the top twenty busiest in the world as measured by the passenger volume. Between 1990 and 2004, about 20 million passengers were carried by deoxycytidine monophosphate airlines serving operating between 145 different depots.The Dubai airport is judge to handle about one forty million passengers in the side by side(p) few years. In addition the Dubai government is preparing for a new airport so as to carter for increased freights. The Emirates airline is internationally reputed to offer the roughly excellent services in the region. Some of her planes are the most technologically sophisticated in the world and has won awards and recognition for good client services. Dubai boa sts of the worlds longest fully automated railroad system system stretching a distance of 43 miles and serving 47 stations. This project is made up of twelve elevated stations, nine kilometers of an underground truck, and an overground truck stretching fifteen kilometres. An coming(prenominal) project is on the way to construct a 1500 railway line. This proposed line leave alone connect Dubai to Oman, Saudi Arabia Qatar and the other emirates. Again Dubai is one of the emirates that provide a hub for large cruise ships.AttractionsDubai has a rich attraction centre on its 64 kilometres long coast line. This magnificent coastline boasts of some(prenominal) high ranking tourist resort centres boasting of such important tourist activities as sailing, skiing, surfing, fishing, bird watching and golfing.The desert provides tourists with magnificent excursions for camel riding, gumption skiing, dune driving, exploration of wadis and visits to selected oases and forts. Dubai metropoli s also has an extensive network of obtain malls where world varieties are readily stocked. The industrial development of the city has in the recent past attracted large hordes of investors who also double as tourists. comely sky scrappers are a common view in Dubai which has greatly added to the scenic beauty of the city.Well designed road networks with underground tunnels as well as over ground networks have gone a long way in eradicating traffic jams which is a common exist in several countries thereby ensuring smooth flow of traffic. Tourists no eight-day have to spend too much time in the city waiting for traffic jams to recede as was the case a few years ago.AmenitiesThe essential amenities required by tourists are chiefly the accommodation. In Dubai the development of hotel industry is a top government agenda. Hotel rooms have more than doubled in the past decade and the number is fast increasing. Currently there are about three hundred hotels with well equipped recreatio nal facilities. Development of hospitality is by and large collectible to the relaxation of land leasing rules and several five-star properties are expected very soon. Among this is a hydropolis hotel constructed up to twenty meters under water.ReviewPotential challenges.The effect of Dubai as a major tourist centre is largely due to the prevailing economic, socio-cultural, political and historical structures which have shaped the tourism growth. This development has been driven by strong government policies which are geared towards reshaping of economic policies for sound development. Dubai actually has pursued a strategy of heavy consumption and intervention geared towards attainment of tourisms future goals. Internal peace and perceptual constancy prevailing in Dubai and the neighboring countries has helped a lot to boost tourism activity. This is because the political stability has enabled foreign investors to consider venturing in Dubai in such areas as transport, accommodat ion and attraction. Vigorous marketing of the tourism industry has help in elimination of original inefficiencies and barriers to effective tourism development.By task proper strategic policies, Dubai has been able to surmount the setbacks which are hampering new upcoming tourism destinations. Given the potential setbacks, there are some motions as to whether Dubais long term vision of becoming the worlds chief tourism hub will be met.One major setback is lack of political stability in the Middle East region. Political turmoil in such countries as Iraq and Afghanistan have reportedly spilled over to neighboring countries and Dubai is never resistive to these. Terrorists have of late found flesh grounds for unveiling bane against the West in moderate countries such as Dubai.Elimination of tourism from the Middle East is a key step towards the realization of Dubais tourism vision. Any act of terrorism will have far scope effects in Dubais economy and the tourism industry in part icular. some other impediment to tourism development is lack of enough land for expansion. Dubais geographical size is a ingrained limitation to its development. Progressive growth of the city requires more and more land for expansion. However, this cannot be achieved in Dubai where land prices are skyrocketing while the available facilities are not enough to meet the demands of new(a) tourism as necessitated by large numbers of tourists visiting Dubai annually.another(prenominal) challenge to growth of tourism in Dubai lies in her attractions and promotion. Dubais tourism bloodline is scanty compared to its competitors in the Mediterranean, Caribbean and Far East. Dubai has an extremely narrow collection of natural and cultural heritage. Concentration on beach activities and grand shopping malls has not done enough to secure the much envied pride.For a period of less(prenominal) than 50 years Dubai has undergone a lot of industrial progress which has seen it emanation to the st atus of an industrial power in the Middle East. This change is clearly evidenced in the economic, cultural and social development of Dubai. Contrary to major western countries where the industrialization process took a very long time, Dubai has undergone it in only relatively short time.Tourism development in Dubai is keep mum growing and it is important to bear in mind that there are several schemes that are not yet completed. The fulfillment of these schemes and the realization of their visions is the occupy of the Dubai authorities. However these will depend on the availability of a easy and reliable environment clear of uncertainties. Doubts have also been expressed concerning the feasibility of some of these visions. The demands of modern tourism have not yet been met in Dubai.CONCLUSIONThe study of tourism in Dubai shows how a small and relatively remote country with little natural attractions can become an internationally reputed tourist attraction centre. In Dubai poten tial weaknesses and threats have been turned into strengths and opportunities. The all year round hot weather and ugly desert landscape painting have been changed to provide modern needs of tourism. Technology has actually enabled the tourism industry to prevail regardless of the harsh weather conditions and some other geographic impediments. Economic prosperity has provided funds to support the expansion of the infrastructure upon which the tourism industry is pillared. This has seen speed growth of the air transport, modern railway lines and well developed communication infrastructure. The lavish metro-politan state founded on economic prosperity is a natural attraction for tourists. All these features have been tactfully marketed in such a manner that they have been able to hook tourists from all over the world to this small country which was until recently chartless to the outside world. All this has been achieved in spite of the general perception that the Middle East is a dan gerous place unfit for tourists and investors. Dubai has considerably achieved some progress in negotiating the barriers that have for long impaired the development of tourism in the Middle East and areas beyond.The achievements in Dubai are of interest to not only the rest of the emirates but also other tourist destination which aim at attaining the global recognition. However tourism development in Dubai is still ongoing and research is being done to monitor Dubais tourism evolution.Important lessons can then be learnt from Dubais experience with tourism and the relevance of its tourism model can be assessed to ascertain their suitability in the context of other upcoming tourist destinations. The results of this will no doubt contribute to an increased understanding of the tourism industry which has largely been leave out in the Middle East due to misconceptions.