Gender and the Internet Essays -- Technology Computers Web Essays

Gender and the InternetThe internet can be a very good source of information, but it can also altar information enough to make it unreal. Feminist sites atomic number 18 no exception to this. Many sites in fact use virtual rendering to altar images in addition to text. There are various topics dealing with feminism and issues involving females, some are well approached and others are not. Women do not tend to have the aforesaid(prenominal) type of relationship with their automobiles as men do. In Virginia Scharffs article, muliebrity and the Electric car, this relationship between women and cars is explained in depth. Two websites that show how women reckon at automobiles are, www.womanmotorist.com and www.cybergrrl.com/fun/womenandcars/. www.womanmotorist.com differs in many ways from Scharffs article, but is a very good website. This site does not directly say that women scram only certain types of cars. Instead it talks about things such as women and professional raci ng and even has a section on performance cars. In Scharffs article it mentions that It can be roundly stated without fear of contradiction that the times a woman wants to run an electric 30 miles an hour, are few and far between.It is an unnecessarily fast speed for pleasure driving.If the car you select has a maximum speed of 25 miles on the level, it goes quite fast enough.(Scharff pg 81)On the website the views are different and show how much things have changed from the article. When addressing the female market, automakers are beginning to admit that women are not a single, homogeneous market. Until just a few years ago, all women were categorized as mothers. Now they are seen as generation X-ers, college students, sports car intenders, 8-5ers, baby boom... ....plasticsurgery4u.com/http//www.ienhance.com/ purport/default.asphttp//www.malepregnancy.comhttp//www.ivf.comBad Websiteswww.cybergrrl.com/fun/womenandcarswww.plastic-surgery.nethttp//www.advancedfertility.com/ivf.htmh ttp//www.ivf.orghttp//www.ifi.uio.no/thomas/po/cryobortion.html Morgan, Kathy Pauly. Women and the Knife Sex/Machine. Indiana University Press, 1998Overall, Christine. New Reproductive Technology Some Implications for the Abortion Issue. Sex/Machine. Indiana University Press, 1998Scharff, Virginia. Femininity and the Electric Car Sex/Machine. Indiana University Press, 1998Stone, Allucquere Rosanne. In Novel Conditions Sex/Machine. Indiana University Press, 1998Terisi, Dick and McAuliffe, Kathleen. Male Pregnancy Sex/Machine. Indiana University Press, 1998

Complex Visual Hallucinations and Macular Degeneration :: Optometry Psychiatry Neurology Essays

Complex Visual Hallucinations and Macular DegenerationLocated in the center of the retina, the sensitive macula provides us with sight in the center of our field of visual sensation. When we look directly at something, the macula allows us to see the fine details. This sharp, straight-ahead vision is necessary for driving, reading, recognizing faces, and doing close work, much(prenominal) as sewing. Macular degeneration is the impairment of this central macular area. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of vision loss in the Western world in the over 50 progress group. It most commonly affects those of northern European descent and is uncommon in African-Americans and Hispanics. The prevalence increases with age. It affects about 15% of the population by age 55, and over 30% are affected by age 75 (Miller, 1992).In macular degeneration a layer beneath the retina, called the retinal pigment epithelial tissue (RPE), gradually wears out from its lifelong d uties of disposing of retinal waste products. Eventually the capacity of the RPE layer to handle these metabolic products is overwhelmed and the RPE begins to degenerate (Miller, 1992). Other deep layers involved in development of macular degeneration are Bruchs membrane and the choroid layer. Additional factors that may hasten loss of the RPE layer, and the resulting degeneration of the central retina (macula) include hereditary factors, ultraviolet rays from sunlight, and distressing iris color (more UV rays reach the retina in blue-eyed patients, probably because of the lower pigment density in the eye).There are basically both forms of macular degeneration. So-called dry (or atrophic) macular degeneration, which accounts for 90% of cases, is caused by the aging and thinning of the tissues of the macula (Miller, 1992). This type is characterized by tiny yellowish deposits under the macular part of the retina. These deposits are cognize as drusen and may increase in size and nu mber over time. Areas of loss of retinal and RPE layers in the macula may gradually appear. Small clumps of brownness pigment from the degenerating RPE layer also are commonly seen.The other major form of this disease is wet (or exudative macular degeneration) which is a much greater threat to vision loss even though it accounts for only 10% of cases. This type can be associated with a more sudden loss of vision due to news leak or bleeding under the macula from abnormal vessels, called the choriocapillaris, arising from one of the deeper layers.

The Dawn Of Understanding: Three Years Later :: essays research papers

Throughout my life, the same scene in the television prove registered in different ways. The camera zooms in for the last shot of a lone hyena wheezing his way out of life. He may be dying of heat exhaustion or thirst or hunger, but his small eyes roll side to side slowly and then....just.....stop. Equally hearty and striking is the close-up of the very violent death of a fuck up seal as a hyena simultaneously shakes him into submission and breaks his spine. The camera is always held sedate no one is shocked or upset yet the sense that something important has happened is always instilled in me.When I was younger I would cry during the pensive moment in movies when someone died. The person or animal had a name and an identity which gave them a level of reality. My fascination for animals existed even then and I often followed with my eyes and imagination the lives of the documented animal. I turned away from the brashness of the lion tearing into the zebra because I turned away from all wildness but I was too disgusted to feel any real compassion. Perhaps reality was harder to absorb than fiction. Perhaps these scenes werent real to me because what I had seen of death in my own experience always involved sorrow and the cameramen felt none, the sun felt none and the narrator felt none. Later in my life I realized the zebra or coyote or prairie dog that was being forced to succumb to dehydration or starvation was real. I dont think that I had ever, consciously seen anything die before watched the same close-up many times before but never really seen anything die. Insects perhaps never a person, never a baby lemur, never a cat, never anything except within the confines of fiction. What my mind had seen as I sat there was the product of lighting and actors and a utterance but unlike real fiction, this did not seem real. As I have lived in a city for most of my life and never unfeignedly experienced what wildlife was like, this was it the cameras lent my ali enated consciousness a sense of the reality experienced by the other inhabitants of this earth the four legged (and sometimes two-legged) ones. I was being carried on the shoulders of Richard Nassau and Michael Drencher as they journeyed to the desserts of Africa and mountains of Peru.

Sophocles’ Oedipus Cycle †Antigone, as a Feminist Essay -- Antigone E

Sophocles Oedipus Cycle Antigone, as a Feminist through with(predicate)out history, women have always stood in the shadows of men. In many cultures, the role of women has always been to be seen and not heard. As one of the first feminists in world literature, the character Antigone, of Sophocles Oedipus Cycle, displays fine characteristics of a groovy female leader in order to stand up against male dominance for her religious, political, and personal beliefs. When the king denies her brother, Polynices, proper burial, Antigone goes against state law by burying him herself in order to protect heavenly decree and maintain justice. In doing this, she steps out of her place as a woman in a male dominated society.In order to characterize Antigone as a feminist, it is important to study Antigones early childhood, which displays the origins of the characteristics found in her that make her a feminist. In Oedipus of Colonus, Sophocles illustrates these qualities that Antigone possesses. D uring the first twenty years of her life, Antigone spends her time secluded from society with her blind, exiled father, Oedipus. Sophocles sums up her childhood in the following soliloquy by OedipusSince her childhood stop and her body gained its power, has wandered ever with me, an old mans governess often in the wild forest without shoes, and hungry, beaten by many rains tired by the fair weather yet she rejected the sweet life of home so that her father should have sustenance (Fitts 104). Because she is secluded, Antigone never has to take her place in society as a woman. Without a female role model to show her how a woman is supposed to act, there is no one to raise her as a woman. She spends her days taking care of her blind father and leading him. Sh... ...Creon, when she kills herself causing Creon to lose. Creon at this point has caved in by deciding to bury Polynices and free Antigone, barely it is too late. She dies an honorable death for future feminists.Since Sophocl es wrote Antigone, there have been thousands of literary works about feminists and their movement to let their voices be heard over men. Through her strong will and bravery, Antigone made her political, religious, and personal beliefs seen. She died in order to win against men even when no one else would stand up to male dominance. For these reasons, Antigone is a prime example of a great feminist in world literature.Works Cited Fitts, Dudley and Robert Fitzgerald. The Oedipus Cycle. Trans. Sophocles. Florida Harcourt Brace & Company, 1977.Sophocles. Antigone. Literature and the Writing Process 5th ed. New island of Jersey Prentice Hall. 1999.

My Personal Philosophy of Education Essays -- Philosophy of Teaching S

Philosophy of Education Education is the process of learning that can take give anywhere and at any time. I believe that creativity and activity as well as books and lessons are essential to the learning process. As a teacher, I look forward to to instill in the children a sense of knowledge and self-worth that will remain with them throughout their lives. Education is important not only to fend for daily life, but also to become someone who contributes to society. Without education people have no chance to impact the lives of others in their induce community. I pauperization to give the children I teach a chance to give back to their community and society. Although ethics and morals are constantly being reevaluated and argued, I hope to teach a basis of right and wrong that will stand in any religion, belief, and custom in society. While I cannot push my own morals and ethics, I think an understanding of morals allows people to be conscio us of others feelings and to live more peacefully in society. I believe schoolroom management should not be strict and starchy where everyone functions like a silent, well-oiled machine. Instead, I would prefer to allow my students to take part in the rule fashioning and decision making processes. I would also like for my students to feel free to ask questions, add to the lesson, and participate in classroom discussions without the fear of ridicule or punishment. I firmly believe in rewarding my ...

My Personal Philosophy of Education Essays -- Philosophy of Teaching S

Philosophy of Education Education is the process of learning that can take place anywhere and at any time. I believe that creativity and activity as well as books and lessons are essential to the learning process. As a teacher, I hope to instill in the children a sense of knowledge and self-worth that will remain with them throughout their lives. Education is important not only to maintain daily life, but as well to convey someone who contributes to society. Without education people have no chance to impact the lives of others in their own community. I want to give the children I teach a chance to give back to their community and society. Although ethics and morals are constantly being reevaluated and argued, I hope to teach a basis of veracious and wrong that will stand in any religion, belief, and custom in society. While I cannot push my own morals and ethics, I think an reason of morals allows people to be conscious of others feelings a nd to live more peacefully in society. I believe classroom management should not be austere and starchy where everyone functions like a silent, well-oiled machine. Instead, I would prefer to allow my students to take part in the rule making and decision making processes. I would also like for my students to feel free to ask questions, add to the lesson, and participate in classroom discussions without the fear of ridicule or punishment. I firmly believe in rewarding my ...

Everyday Use Analysis Essay

Everyday Use is a short tarradiddle by Alice Walker, it is a disdainful short apologue. A story about two sisters and a mom, that the two girls are totally different. Also teaching to stand up for what you want. This story is about a mom and a girl called Maggie that they live alone because the older sibling moved out. In the story Maggie and the mother be possessed of non seen how much Dee has changed in over six eld. Dee in the short story sees that her sister Maggie and her mother have not change throughout these six years not a bit.In the story Dee and Maggie are examples of foil characters. Maggie is the very shy and polite one out of her and Dee. Maggie was the character that lived with mama, during the story it says that Maggie was burned in a house fire. This character is a character that would exclusively blend into the background because of how shy she was, she wouldnt talk to much so she would rather just blend in with the surroundings. Maggie was a foil character bec ause her and mama didnt change nothing throughout the six years that passed, while Dee did change a lot throughout those six years.Maggie is a good hearted kid, she would rather let Dee have the quilts that were promised to her, instead of fighting over them. Dee is sisters with Maggie in this story, she is the character who is very impolite, or that does things her way. Dee is the only educated character it says in the short story that she left so that she could be educated. Dee is noticed as a character that does whatever she wants, and have it go her way.One example is that, Dee wears a brightly colored, yellow-and-orange, ankle-length dress that is inappropriate for the warm weather. This shows that she would wear anything she wants even if its inappropriate in any way. In the story mama wouldnt let Dee have the quilts, and she became furious. This another example that she is very stubborn, because in the end she keeps the quilts. In this story i learned that being bighearted a nd polite will get you farther in life, but if youre stubborn, and impolite you wont get as far in life.

Dynamic and formal equivalence Essay

? Wikipedia exposition is the chat of the meaning of a source- style text by core of an equivalent target- style text. ? General Oxford dictionary Translation n 1 the act or an instance of translating. 2 a written or spoken expression of the meaning of a word, speech, book, etc. in another language. ? Dictionary of Translation Studies Translation An incredibly broad notion which can be understood in many diverse ways.For example, bingle may talk of interlingual rendition as a process or a product, and identify sub-types as literary edition, technical translation, subtitling and machine translation more thanover, while more typicall(a)y it moreover refers to the transfer of written texts, the term sometimes in any case includes pictureing. ? Free Online Dictionary translation (trpicns-lpicpicshpicn) n. 1. a. The act or process of translating, especially from one language into another. b. The enjoin of being translated. 2. A translated version of a text.? Elook. org noun a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a jump language. Synonyms interlingual rendition, rendering, version In his creative paper, On Linguistic Aspects of Translation (Jakobson 1959/2000), the Russo-American linguist Roman Jakobson makes a precise all Copernican(p) distinction between three types of written translation 1. Intralingual translation- translation within the same language, which can involve rewording or paraphrase. 2.Interlingual Translation- Translation from language to another, and 3. Intersemiotic Translation- Translation of the communicative sign by a non-verbal sign, e. g music or image. Only the second category, interlingual translation, is deemed translation proper by Jackobson. Theories of Translation Eugene A. Nida Discussions or so theories of translation be too often concerned with distinctions between literary and nonliterary texts, between prose and poetry, or between technical articles on physics and run-of-the-mill mercantile correspondence.But in order to understand the nature of translation, the instruction should not be on distinguishable types of discourse further on the processes and procedures have-to doe with in any and all kinds of interlingual communication (Bell, 1987). Furthermore, a theory of interlingual communication should not be restricted to discussions between translating and interpreting (whether consecutive or simultaneous), since interpreting differs from translating originally because of the pressures of time and exigencies of the setting. some professional translators take considerable pride in denying that they swallow any theory of translation they just translate.In reality, however, all persons move in the complex task of translating possess some type of underlying or covert theory, even though it may be still very embryonic and exposit provided as just being faithful to what the author was trying to say. Instead of no theori es of translation, there are a numerousness of such(prenominal) theories, even though they are seldomly stated in terms of a full-blown theory of why, when, and how to translate. ace of the reasons for so many different involves near translating is that interlingual communication has been going on since the dawn of human write up.As early as the third millenium BC, bilingual lists of words evidently for the use of translators were being make in Mesopotamia, and today translating and interpreting are going on in more than a thousand languages in fact, wherever there are bilinguals. One of the paradoxes of interlingual communication is that it is both(prenominal) amazingly complex (regarded by LA. Richards (1953) as probably the most complex type of event yet produced in the evolution of the public) and also completely natural (Harris and Sherwood, 1978).Interpreting is often done by children with amazingly fine results, especially before they have gone to school and have le arned something about nouns, verbs, and adjectives.One reason for the great variety of translation theories and subtheories is the fact that the processes of translating can be viewed from so many different opinions stylistics, authors intent, diversity of languages, differences of synonymic cultures, problems of interpersonal communication, changes in literary fashion, distinct kinds of content (e.g. mathematical theory and lyric poetry), and the circumstances in which translations are to be used, e. g. suppose in the tranquil setting of ones own living room, acted on the theatre stage, or blared from a loudspeaker to a restless mob.The tolerant range of theories and the great diversity of problems in translation have been treated by a number of persons interested in translation theory and practice, e. g. Guttinger (1963), Vazquez Ayora (1977), and Wilss (1988).A theory should be a coherent and integrated set of propositions used as principles for explaining a class of phenomen a. But a fully satisfactory theory of translating should be more than a list of rules-of-thumb by which translators have generally succeeded in reproducing reasonably adequate renderings of source texts. A satisfactory theory should service of process in the recognition of elements which have not been accepted before, as in the case of black holes in astrophysics.A theory should also provide a measure of predictability about the degree of success to be expected from the use of certain principles, given the particular expectations of an audience, the nature of the content, the amount of in stageation carried by the form of the discourse, and the circumstances of use. Despite a number of important treatments of the basic principles and procedures of translation, no full-scale theory of translation now exists.In fact, it is anomalous to speak of theories of translation, since all that has been accomplished thus far are important series of insightful perspectives on this complex unde rtaking. The basic reason for this lack of adequate theoretical treatments is that translating is basically a technology which is dependent upon a number of disciplines linguistics, cultural anthropology, psychology, communication theory, and neurophysiology.We really know so little about what makes translators tick. But tick they moldiness and increasingly so in a shrinking multilingual world. Instead of speaking of theories of translation, we should perhaps speak more about various courtes to the task of translating, different orientations which provide helpful insight, and diverse ways of talking about how a message can be transferred from one language to another.The different ways in which people go about the task of interlingual communication can perhaps be best described in terms of different perspectives (1) the source text, including its production, transmission, and history of interpretation, (2) the languages involved in restructuring the source-language message into th e receptor (or target) language, (3) the communication events which constitute the setting of the source message and the translated text, and (4) the variety of codes involved in the respective communication events.These 4 different perspectives could be regarded as essentially philological, linguistic, communicatory, and sociosemiotic. These four major perspectives on the problems of interlingual communication should not, however, be regarded as competitive or antagonistic, but as complementary color and supplementary. They do not invalidate one another but result in a broader understanding of the nature of translating.They do, nevertheless, reflect an interesting historical teaching as the focus of attention has shifted from emphasis on the starting excite, namely, the source text, to the manner in which a text is understood by those who receive and interpret it. Such a development is quite natural in view of the fact that all communication is goal oriented and moves from the sources mark to the receptors interpretation. The philological perspectiveThe philological perspective on translation in the Western World goes back ultimately to some of the seminal observations by such persons as Cicero, Horace, Augustine, and Jerome, whose principal concerns were the correct rendering of Greek texts into Latin. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe the philological orientation in translating focused on the issue of faithfulness, usually bound closely to the history of interpretation of the text, something which was especially crucial in the case of Bible translations.For the most part, arguments about the adequacy of translations dealt with the degree of freedom which could or should be allowed, and scholars discussed heatedly whether a translator should bring the reader to the text or bring the text to the reader. Some of the most important early contributions to the philological aspects of translation were made by Luther (1530), Etienne Dolet ( 1540), Cowley (1656), Dryden (1680), and Pope (1715), but Luthers influence was probably the greatest in view of his having directly and indirectly influenced so many Bible translations first in Western Europe and later in other parts of the world.This philological perspective is still very much alive, as witnessed by the important contributions of such persons as Cary and Jumpelt (1963), George Steiner (1975), and John Felstiner (1980). Felstiners book on Translating Neruda is a curiously rich contribution to the problem of translating lyric poetry. And the numerous articles in Translation Review, published by the University of Texas at Dallas on behalf of the American Literary Translators Association, represent very easily this philological perspective. It is amazing, however, that avowedly philological approaches to translating can result in such radically different results.Those who set their priorities on preserving the literary form produce the kinds of translations which o ne finds in the text of 2 Corinthians 10. 14-16 in the New American Standard Version of the Bible For we are not overextending ourselves, as if we did not reach to you, for we were the first to come even as far as you in the gospel of Christ not boasting beyond our measure, that is, in other mens labors, but with the hope that as your faith grows, we shall be, within our sphere, enlarged even more by you, so as to preach the gospel even to the regions beyond you, and not to boast in what has been accomplished in the sphere of another.The Greek of this passage is not stylistically bad, but this English butchering of it is hacking at its worst. some translators have, however, succeeded brilliantly in combining sensitivity to demeanor with faithfulness to content, perhaps represented most strikingly in the rendering of the plays of Aristophanes by Benjamin B. Rogers in the Loeb series (1924). The Clouds is an especially difficult text to translate adequately, since it combines sublim e lyrical passages, sharp barbs against philosophy, satirical treatment of Greek education, and ribald humor, which must have unplowed the crowds roaring with laughter.Rogers makes the text come alive with frequent shifts in meter to match the mood, clever plays on the meanings of words, and particularly adroit handling of dialogue, even to the point of toning down the scatological comments to match the Victorian tastes of his readers. A number of the essential features and limitations of the philological perspective on translating literary works are helpfully described and discussed by Paz (1971) and by Mounin (1963). Octavio Paz has the special gift of being able to discuss issues of literary translation with the touch of a literary artist, which indeed he is.And Georges Mounin has a way of delineating diverse opinions and judgments so as perform an elegant balancing act. Those who have followed primarily a philological orientation toward translating have increasingly recognized t hat other factors must be given greater attention. In the intensity level On Translation, edit by Brower (1959), and in the volume Translation Literary, Linguistic, and Philosophical Perspectives, edited by Frawley (1984), these broader factors of linguistic and cultural matters are introduced and point the way to a more satisfactory approach to some of the crucial problems confronted by translators.The linguistic perspective Since translating eternally involves at least two different languages, it was inevitable that a number of persons studying the issues of translation would focus upon the distinctive features of the source and receptor languages. consequential studies of diverse linguistic structures by such persons as Sapir, Bloomfield, Trubetskoy, and Jakobson laid the foundation for a systematic study of the intimacys of language. Then the analysis of languages outside of the Semitic and IndoEuropean families by linguist-anthropologists provided the creative stimulus for seeing interlingual relations in new and creative ways.Chomsky (1965, 1972) and his colleagues added a dynamic dimension to language structure through the use of transformations. every last(predicate) this led to the publication of a number of books on translating which have focused primary attention on the correspondences in language structures. Some of the most important of these books were by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Nida (1964), Catford (1965), Tatilon (1986), Larson (1984) and Malone (1988). Except for Malones volume, most books dealing with the linguistic aspects of translating have been essentially aimed at meaningful relations or else than purely formal ones.This is particularly true of the approach of Nida and of Larson. But Malones volume employs a transformational orientation for a number of formal and semantic processes, including equation, substitution, divergence, convergence, amplification, reduction, diffusion, and condensation. This focus on processes is very productive, but greater attention needs to be paid to the pragmatic features of the original message and to the circumstances regarding the use of a translation.Developments in transformational-generative grammar, with its Boolean rewrite rules and plainly precise formulas for embedding, gave machine translating a great methodological boost, but this was not adequate to fulfill the expectations aroused through early promotion by computing device enthusiasts. The limited success of machine translating, since it requires so much preediting and postediting, has resulted in a shift of focus from purely linguistic methods to Artificial Intelligence as a possible source of fresh insights.But even with highly sophisticated techniques the resulting translations often sound very unnatural (Somers et al, 1988). Some important indirect contributions to a linguistic approach to translating have been made by a number of philosophers interested in linguistic analysis as a way of saving philoso phy down from the clouds of truth, beauty, and goodness to the realism of talking about the language of philosophical discussion. Some of the most influential of these philosophers have been Wittgenstein (1953), Cassirer (1953), Grice (1968), Quine (1953, 1959), and Ric? ur (1969).Many of their insights have been in effect discussed from the linguistic viewpoint by Wells (1954), Antal (1963), Leech (1970), and Moravcsik (1972). These developments provided an important stimulus for developing a less naive approach to epistemology in translation theory. It also encouraged greater interest in the ordinary uses of language in dialogue and helped to undermine false confidence in the reliability of natural language.A number of psychological insights about translating have been contributed by Ladmiral (1972), who has treated a variety of psychological factors whichinfluence the ways in which linguistic and cultural elements in communication are processed by the mind. And Lambert (1978) has distinguished two different types of bilingualism based on a speakers degree of consolidation of the respective language codes.This should prove very useful in understanding certain marked differences in the manner in which translators and interpreters perform. The communicative perspective The volume From One Language to Another (de Waard and Nida, 1986) reflects the importance of a number of basic elements in communication theory, namely, source, message, receptor, feedback, noise, setting, and medium.It also treats the processes of encoding and decoding of the original communication and compares these with the more complex series in the translation process. Linguists working in the field of sociolinguistics, e. g. Labov (1972), Hymes (1974), and Gumperz (1982), have made particularly important contributions to understanding principles of translating which focus upon various processes in communication. This relation between sociolinguistics and translation is a very natural one, since sociolinguists deal primarily with language as it is used by society in communicating.The different ways in which societies employ language in interpersonal relations are crucial for anyone concerned with translating. Any approach to translating based on communication theory must give considerable attention to the paralinguistic and extralinguistic features of oral and written messages. Such features as tone of voice, loudness, peculiarities of enunciation, gestures, stance, and eye contact are ostensibly important in oral communication, but many people fail to realize that analogous factors are also present in written communication, e. g.style of type, format, quality of paper, and type of binding.For effective impact and appeal, form cannot be uninvolved from content, since form itself carries so much meaning, although in Suzanne Langers horse sense of presentational rather than discoursive truth (1951). This joining of form and content has inevitably led to more serious attention being given to the major functions of language, e. g. informative, expressive, cognitive, imperative, performative, emotive, and interpersonal, including the recognition that the information function is much less prominent than has been traditionally thought. Infact, information probably accounts for less that twenty percent of what goes on in the use of language. This emphasis upon the functions of language has also served to emphasize the importance of discourse structures, also spoken of as rhetoric and poetics, in which important help for translators has come through contributions by Jakobson (1960), Grimes (1972), and Traugott and Pratt (1980). This focus on discourse structures means that any judgment about the validity of a translation must be judged in terms of the extent to which the corresponding source and receptor texts adequately fulfill their respective functions.A minimal requirement for adequacy of a translation would be that the readers would be able to hide and appreciate how the original readers of the text understood and possibly responded to it. A maximal requirement for translational adequacy would mean that the readers of the translation would respond to the text both emotively and cognitively in a manner essentially similar to the ways in which the original readers responded. The minimal requirement would oblige to texts which are so separated by cultural and linguistic differences as to make equivalent responses practically impossible, e.g. translations into English of West African healing incantations. A maximal requirement would apply to the translation of some of Heinrich Heines poems into English. Such requirements of equivalence point to the possibilities and limitations of translating various text types having diverse functions. Mounin (1963) treats this same issue as a matter of translatability, and Reiss (1972) has discussed the communicative aspects of translation by calling attention to the issue of functional eq uivalence. The sociosemiotic perspective.The central focus in a sociosemiotic perspective on translation is the multiplicity of codes involved in any act of verbal communication. Words never occur without some added paralinguistic or extralinguistic features. And when people listen to a speaker, they not only take in the verbal message, but on the rear end of background information and various extralinguistic codes, they make judgments about a speakers sincerity, commitment to truth, breadth of learning, specialized knowledge, ethnic background, concern for other people, and personal attractiveness.In fact, the impact of the verbal message is largely dependent upon judgments based on these extralinguistic codes. Most people are completely unaware of such codes, but they are crucial for what people call their gut feelings. These types of codes are always present in one way or another, whether in oral or written communication, but there are certain other concomitant codes which are optional and to which the verbal message must adjust in varying ways, e. g. the action in a drama, the music of a song, and the multiple ocular and auditory features of a multimedia essay.These optional codes often become the dominant factors in a translation, especially when lip synchronization is required in picture films. The problem of multiple codes and their relation to the social setting of communication have been helpfully treated by a number of persons, e. g. Eco (1976), Krampen (1979), Merrell (1979), and Robinson (1985). The beginning of a sociosemiotic approach to translating has been undertaken by de Waard and Nida (1986) and by Toury (1980), but a good deal more must be done to understand the precise manner in which the language code relates to other behavioral codcs.In the first place, language must be viewed not as a cognitive construct, but as a shared set of habits using the voice to communicate. This set of habits has developed within society, is transmitted by society, and is learned within a social setting. This implies a shed light on shift away from abstract and reductionist approaches to language and toward the sociolinguistic contexts of performance in both encoding and decoding messages communicated by multiple codes.This also means that in both encoding and decoding there is a dialogic engagement between source and receptors, both in anticipatory feedback (anticipating how receptors will react) and in echt feedback through verbal and nonverbal codes. In the second place, language must also be viewed as potentially and actually idiosyncratic and sociosyncratic, in the sense that people may create new types of expressions, may construct new literary forms, and may attach new significance to older forms of expression.Discourse, in fact, becomes as much a matter of fashion as any other element of communication, and outstanding communicators can set new standards and initiate new trends.The advantages of a sociosemiotic approach to tr anslating are to be found in (1) employing a realistic epistemology which can speak relevantly about the real world of everyday experience, since its basis is a triadic relation between sign, referent, and interpretant (the process of interpretation based on the system of signsand on the dialogic function of society), (2)Being at the cutting edge of verbal creativity, rather than being bound by reductionist requirements which depend on ideal speaker-hearers, who never exist, (3) recognizing the plasticity of language, the fuzzy boundaries of usage, and the ultimate indeterminacy of meaning, which makes language such a frustrating and subtly elegant vehicle for dialogue, and (4) being essentially interdisciplinary in view of the multiplicity of codes.The full implications of sociosemiotic theories and their relation to translation are only now emerging, but they have the potential for developing highly significant insights and numerous practical procedures for more meaningful and acc eptable results.

Movie Dr. Strangelove Essay

Yes, it is my opinion that the ideology of the cold cont give the axe was reflected by the tenseness shown in the word-painting Dr. Strangelove by Stanley Kubrick. The tension between peace and war, like the U. S. and the Soviets during the cold war, is reflected by the actors the movie portrayed. The movie Dr. Strangelove gave a satirical look at how war can be evaded and the players who manipulate it. The secretiveness of the Cold war was reflected poignantly in the movie, causing confusion which helped key players to execute their evil plans. The Cold warfare was the first public war held behind closed doors. Diplomacy was used, per say, instead of action.Although both sides of the conflict were readily able to show force no really force was used to end the war. Few Americans really knew just how close the film was to real life. The film including the characters and script were very similar to the policies and military leaders of the Cold War. The secrecy was springy to the t ension during the Cold war and to the movie. During that time in America thither were no Freedom of Information Act that would give light to citizens and this caused much meditation and visions of devastating war. But now with information readily available it is almost shocking just how much the movie mirrored real life.Dr. Strangelove in the movie reminded me of Henry Kissinger. The ending of the movie gave me a glimpse of what I believe would happen if there were such a mistake and just how political officials would savour if this would happen. The statement by General Turgidson, Mr. President Im not saying we would get our hair mussed, but I do say no more than 10-20 million killed, tops is how most political leaders would actually think and do think. During war there are acceptable levels of casualties and to most civilians it would be shocking at how high the levels are.Since the adopted policy of President Theodore Roosevelts that instead of opposing intervention by Europea n nations in the Western hemisphere that the U. S. would intervene when necessary to guarantee political and economic stability around the world. This concept has been a cornerstone of American foreign policy from the 1900s on up to today. To fight the rise and influence of the Soviet Union after WWII the U. S. adopted containment to prevent the rising of communist power. The soviets responded by establishing Communist governments in easterly Europe.This was the beginning of the Cold War. This war was not fought by bullets but by propaganda and secrets. Allies for this war was gained by giving economic and military assistance. During this war there were times that were hot and times there were thaws. So it is very easy for me to see the reflection of tensions that mirrored real life when comparing the Cold War and the movie Dr. Strangelove. Reference Kubrick, S. (Director & Producer). (2004). Dr. Strangelove, or how I learned to stop worrying and love the bomb Motion Picture. Unite d States Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment DVD

Simple Things in Life

Simple things in life Have you grinningd or verbalize hi to someone today? If non you need to look back and wonder why not. Doing something simple as that makes someones day, or maybe even making then smile for a second, anything will mean something. There are many salmagundis of kind things you can do for someone, you have oversized actions that you can do for someone or there are smaller actions. No matter what size and kind action can go a long way. The smaller actions are ones that usually mean the most.When it comes to me when I am purporting down, I dont like to just complain, I feel that I will get on someones nerves. Therefore, if I ever see anyone not being there selves, I simply smile. To permit them know I am here, maybe even say something to them to let them know Im here and I care. Lets say that someone simply was walking by and said something nice with a smile it would make my day. therefore I would have a smile on my face therefore I would smile at someone els e. Hopefully this will cause a chain reaction and go a long way to make everyone a short(p) less tense.It really is mind blowing that you can make a difference in someones day just listening or allow them know you are there. Have you ever been in the grocery store and the person in front of you says, hey is it okay if I buy your items for you? Well, if not it does not happen a lot. When it does it will make a difference in someones life. I say this because it has happened to me, it was like a couple of old age ago, but to this day I remember this wonderful thing.Many people now days cant do these kinds of things, its understandable we are going measure with this economy. This economy is making people even more stressed and down, this is why we need to remember to do good things. There are many distinguishable actions that you can take to make a change. There are those who can simply take a day off and go to a hospital. Then there are those who have the chances to adopt a kid a nd change a life. Their not really hard thing to do but it representation a lot.In the end when you see them smile, you see how much they really appreciate and its the best feeling ever. Over all you have a selection to make a difference in someones life, or just someones day. Rather it is large or small it does not matter in the size, you being kind and caring is all, just trying to make the world a happier place is wonderful. As I said before, kind actions go a long way, which can help make someone who had a hard day into a good day. Therefore the next judgment of conviction you see someone not smiling or down, make their day, smile or say hey.

Misanthrope’s Satire

?Sarah Newsome 3-19-10 2nd Period Misanthrope Response The gossip session Moliere reveals in The Misanthrope among Acaste, Clitandre, and Celimene is that of a double satire. This conversation exemplifies Molieres satirical attitude towards the hypocrisy of individuals as well as a society which accepts, even forces, such falsehoods. He is equally critical of Alcastes impliant integrity as he is of the other reference works sense of falsehood.However, Molieres greatest satire focuses on the society which instigates both extremes as he carefully crafts each character and their dialogue. Moliere develops the characters of Philante and Eliante with the perfect balance of honesty and forgiveness so the satirical focus is on the corrupt society rather than the characters. Philantes character is one of vindication and acceptance, especially involving his fellow men and his selfless friendship with Alceste.Nonetheless, he is not afraid to suggest the idea of moderation when speaking the brutal truth as he stands up to Alceste by saying. you catch a way of bridling at whatever people say whether they praise of blame, your angry spirit is equally insatiable to hear it. Similarly, the observant Eliante notices the nature of Celimene as a -gossip queen and even comments on it aloud when she says to Philante, The conversation takes its usual turn, and all our dear friends ears lead shortly burn. In such a simple sentence Moliere is able to speak through Eliante and Philante to express his condemnation of Celimene, Acaste, and Clitandre by admitting that dishonestly is constructed and accepted by society. Additionally, Moliere satirizes society by speaking through them in order to recognize that while not all people are hypocrites, society is the greatest flagellum as it accepts the false hypocrisies that do exist.Without the encouragement of suitors such as Acaste and Clitandre, Celimene would have less reason to degrade others. Likewise, without a society so accep ting of falsehoods, Alceste would have less reason to be so cynical and disapproving of humanity. Therefore, although Moliere is equally critical of Acastes impliant rectitude as he is of the other characters dominating acceptance of untruth, the authors greatest amount of satire is focused on the society when compels both extremes.

Culture: Influence In Everyday Life Essay

Culture is a way of life for people, and it helps construct the foundation for peoples values, beliefs, and choices in life. Culture makes societies unique, do it an essential element in influencing our e realday lives. As its carried from generation to generation, people will adapt to new technology and changes, but the principals remain the same. There is no doubt that my conclusion has influenced me in making almost e really decision in my life so far, underlying what Ive been taught and the values Ive been raised with.It is also essential to be able to recognize and respect other floricultures, and non believe ones own culture is more semiprecious or gilt-edged than the rest. Sometimes issues of racism occur when people are unable to connect culturally with others. Being tolerant and understanding what other cultures value is the key for undefeated acceptance of one another.I was born in the California, but my parents and generation before them were all born in Mexico, wh ich makes me Hispanic. The principles and knowledge past down to me from a very early age begin with family and manners, and that is pretty much very universal with all Hispanic families. Having good etiquette, especially with people outside your family is very important. Being respectful of ones surroundings and with what is not yours is go of showing others that youre a respectful individual, and also part of being a liked individual. The general root word is to give out respect in order to receive respect back from others. I grant applied that idea to every event in my life, like going to a job interview and even when arguing with somebody. Having table manners is also a part of good etiquette, which includes knowing when and how to greet people, being polite and such. Many times the whole family is judged by how just one member behaves.Family in Hispanic cultures is very close, they have Bar B Qs or birthday parties very often, and its all part of having the opportunity to se e the tios, tias, or cousins that are not seen very often. Family greeting are lengthy hugging, kissing, and touching are not uncommon, and phone contacts or visitations are very popular. Being raised with family values is an potent element not only on deciding what is best for me, but for the family also. Making decisions may involve knowing how it will affect the family for example,peer bosom could have made me fall into drugs, but in my case, when family views are valued, drug addict was not the best label for me or the best image for family, so a different route was chosen. Always wanting the best for the family involves making the family look good and possibly helping it in the future, for me, going to college is part of it. morality and god has also been a part of what Ive learned and valued. Most of the Hispanic cultures value religion to a great extent, making it a day-after-day ritual to thank and pray to god for what we have or do not have. The culture that Ive been exp osed to has gone through many changes collectible to the technological advances and country differences. But the fundamentals have been passed down to me. Even though the religious practices may not be followed as strictly as prior generations, my religious believes are still greatly influenced by what Ive seen, heard, and interacted with since I can remember.One topic that is very controversial and has a piling to do with peoples culture has to do with how much and to what extent is life valued for example, stem cell investigate and abortion. Usually people butt their side of the argument with what theyve grown up to believe in. A pregnant woman will have a hard time deciding to have an abortion when her values are impeding her to make such decisions. In the same manner, people do not see stem cell research with scientific eyes, or better yet, they just do not care.They only see the life involved and their belief that life is a very valuable gift. Sometimes culture involves a s et of rules that are universally understood and followed by the whole group. My culture does not influence me to a great rifle as far as what I wear or what I eat. But other cultures, like the Amish, do have certain rules to follow making them have few choices in life. Being able to understand other cultures like the Amish, begins with knowing about the tradition, faith, and experiences of these culture groups.The things that I like or do not like will always be affected by my culture. Whether it be food, customs, or ideas, my mentality and judgment upon them has already been set. People with no culture have a tough time getting along, yet alone having successful lives. This is simply because they do notknow right from wrong or what is expected from him or her as a worker, wife, husband, or any other societal character. Being able to embrace and accept the beliefs, norms, and values of other cultures is a must for cultural diversity to exist in any place, in this world.

Importance of Roger Mason in ‘The Spire’

Roger Mason is a vital character in the overbold, without whom thither would be no spire at both. Even before the reader is introduced to Roger there be hints that he will be important to the plot. Jocelins first course credit of the phrase cost what you like coincides with the first introduction to Roger this foreshadows the sacrifice of Roger and the breakdown he suffers due to the pressure put on him by Jocelin, the spire and even his kin with Goody Pangall.In many bureaus Roger cigarette be seen as the strength behind the spire. From Goldings physical description of him, using phrases such as fastball head, like a bear and his heavy eyebrows, the reader gains the impression that he is solid and his expertise in building shows him to be very factual and rational. Nearly all of Rogers attributes are the antithesis to Jocelins where Roger is down-to-earth, Jocelin is spiritual and deluded. Both men are compared to animals in the novel, Roger is likened to a bear and a dog wh ereas Jocelin is described as an eagle and beaky, Goldings choice of animals here show the reader how the twain men wealthy person completely different views of the world.Rogers confrontation with Jocelin highlights the antithesis between them. Roger, as an earthy man, can see that the spire is dangerous and a nearly infeasible concept and regards Jocelins vision with contempt and amusement, whereas Jocelin believes that it will be held up simply by his faith and prayer, God will provide. These contrary descriptions reappear through and throughout the novel and intertwine their lives until, ironically, it becomes clear that the spire tho gets built due to a combination of Jocelins delusion and insistence on his vision and Rogers skill.Roger and Jocelin not only have opposing natures but also relationships and interactions with women. Jocelin fails, or refuses, to understand women but Roger has an unusually equal relationship for the medieval times with his wife and they are ofte n seen unitedly around the cathedral, inseparable. His relationship with Rachel is important as it emphasises Jocelins inability to deal with a woman who is not like a decent reticent Englishwoman or tongue slight Goody Pangall, Jocelin spends much of the novel trying to avoid Rachel and Golding continually describes her as a body or a face. The fact that Roger can have a acquaintance with a woman that Jocelin cannot stand outlines their differences.Rogers other relationship with a woman is with Goody Pangall. Unlike his relationship with Rachel, his affair with Goody is passionate and is portrayed as love Roger watches her walking as though nothing and no one in the whole world mattered. When the reader first finds out about the affair, it is through Jocelins perspective, he saw this was one encounter of many. He saw pain and sorrow. The pain and sorrow may be Jocelins realisation that he will never have Goody or it may be sorrow in Roger for he has been forced into this by Joce lin.The novel has an inchoate structure that not only shows Jocelins gradual descent into complete delusion and madness but the loose time frames with some chapters taking place over a month, others over cardinal months also show Rogers growing dependence on alcohol. Golding finally turns the attention of the reader back to Roger when Jocelin visits him at the end of the novel. Roger has suffered a breakdown and is moo-ing and the reader can see the entire effect that Jocelin and the spire have had on his life. Rogers mental breakdown has turned him into a crab, he is no longer the skilled and time-tested bear he was at the start of the novel. This presentation of Roger shows that he, too, has an irrational side and that he is not in fact that different to Jocelin, Roger turns to alcohol in times of stock and Jocelin turns to prayers, neither of which aid the two characters and these actions eventually end in their downfall.Roger and Jocelin are also not that different in their v isions either. The first description of Roger contains the phrase he could see nothing else, or hear or feel nothing else showing that when Roger is working, nothing distracts him and he becomes oblivious to those around him. The presentation of Roger in this way once more joins him to Jocelin, before the reader has even been given a description of him. This illustrates how important Roger is to the novel and to Jocelin as a tool to build his vision. general I think that Goldings language when describing Roger is important because he is antithetical to Jocelin and therefore provides a comparison point. This has been used by Golding to draw attention to Jocelins delusion and to will the reader to see Jocelins growing madness more clearly however as the novel progresses it also becomes clear to the reader that Roger and Jocelins characters become less and less contradictory. This is significant as it makes Jocelins revelation at the end of the novel more pronounced and allows the rea der to see that pure facts or pure faith are not effective, but it is a combination of the two that is needed for anything to be achieved.

Fairy tale Literature Essay

publications (from Latin litterae (plural) letter) is the art of written work. The word literature literally means things made from letters. books is commonly classified as having two major formsfiction & non-fictionand two major techniquespoetry and prose. lit may consist of texts based on factual information (journalistic or non-fiction), a category that may also include polemical works, biography, and reflective essays, or it may consist of texts based on visual sensation ( much(prenominal) as fiction, poetry, or drama).Literature written in poetry emphasizes the aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of languagesuch as sound, symbolism, and metreto evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, ordinary meanings, plot of land literature written in prose applies ordinary grammatical structure and the natural flow of speech. Literature nooky also be classified according to historical periods, genres, and political influences. While the c oncept of genre has broadened everywhere th e centuries, in general, a genre consists of artistic works that fall within a certain rudimentary theme examples of genre include romance, mystery, crime, fantasy, erotica, and adventure, among others.Types of Literature Here are some of the popular categories of books and stories in literature. An hi base is the story of a persons life written or told by that person. Bill Peet An narrative A biography is the story of a persons life written or told by another person. Eleanor, by Barbara Cooney A fable is a story that teaches a moral or a lesson. It often has animal characters. The Tortoise and the Hare Fantasy novels are often set in worlds much contrary from our own and usually include magic, sorcery and mythical creature.The Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling A folktale is a story that has been passed down, usually orally, within a culture. It may be based on superstition and feature elfin characters. Folktales include fairy tales, tall tales, trickster tales and other stor ies passed down over generations. Hansel and Gretel A legend is a story that has been handed down over generations and is believed to be based on history, though it typically mixes fact and fiction. The hero of a legend is usually a human. King Arthur and the Roundtable.A myth is a traditional story that a particular culture or group once accepted as sacred and true. It may center on a god or supernatural being and explain how something came to be, such as lightning or music or the world itself. The Greek story of the Titan Prometheus bringing fire to humankind Science fiction stories examine how science and technology claim the world. The books often involve fantasy inventions that may be reality in the future. The Left Hand of Darkness, by Ursula Le Guin 1. Narrator The person telling the story (not always the same person as the cause or writer) 2.Setting The place and time period in which the story takes place 3. Characters Protagonist the important character the good goose Antagonist the one opposing the main character the bad guy 4. Plot Plot Development Exposition The situation at the beginning of the storyRising Action Complications that occur after(prenominal) some sort of conflict is introducedClimax The turning point in the storyResolution The situation after the conflict is determined Types of ConflictCharacter vs Self (internal dilemmas, psychological issues, etc.)Character vs Character (personal enemies, villains, criminals, etc. )Character vs Society (governments, cultural traditions, etc. )Character vs reputation (weather, natural disasters, animals, etc. )Character vs Supernature (gods, ghosts, zombies, etc. )Character vs Machine (technology, artificial intelligence, etc. )Character vs Destiny (ones fate, whether real or imagined) 5. Theme The main idea or lesson in the story

How To Manage Time Effectively Essay

Time management is the right smart we manage the amount of clock term allotted for specific lines of goals. It is the steps we take on a insouciant basis in order to manage the time we flummox to complete the tasks or goals set ahead us in an efficient and timely manner. Managing out our time is something that most of us have hindrance with often times. People abide get overwhelmed with life in general especially if they do not manage it accordingly. We ar all given twenty-four instants in a twenty-four hours in which to live-no more, no less. So, wherefore is it that some people are able to accomplish more in a day than others freighter possibly do in a week? Other than possibly the difference of levels of energy, it moldiness that one person is able to manage their time more effectively than the other person.This does not implicate that one person drop deads harder, but rather, the person who accomplishes more in less time has treasure out how to work smarter. Ti me management is important whether at work, school, or in your personal life. A disciplined work ethic is essential when you have multiple responsibilities. You neediness to manage your time effectively in order to be successful. Although, a hard skill to master, many try to overcome this obstructor but sometimes befall short of achieving the goals we want to accomplish. After the goals have been set we should keep breed or record what needs to be done in lieu of reaching them. This lead embolden in managing time effectively.Better time management skills can improve your grades, get you a transgress position at work and even take away some of the stressors in your personal life. By creating a day to day propose people leave behind have less to be emphasize about and will ultimately feel a sense of accomplishment. The main thing to do in order to overcome poor time management behavior is to first become aware of how to call your time wisely. Poor time management can ca sin gle-valued function people to be tardy for work or school which in turn can cause them to lose their job or fall behind in their classes. This can cause a very detrimental effect on their lives. This shows that managing your time is extremely important and needs to be done adequately. In order to achieve this go through and through a day as you would normally and write pig what you do, what time you start doing it, and then what time you are done with each task.By doing this you can effectively determine where your time is acquittance and why your time management skills are less than adequate. Postpone anything that can beput off in order to get more important things done. For example, you can delay going out to a painting with your fri closedowns but instead finish a report for work. Then once the report is completed you can go out with your friends another time. The stress of work not getting done will no longer attach itself to you in a negative way. If you are highly distract ed in trusted places then you should refrain or stop going to those places and find new less distracting places to hang out. This will in effect increase your productivity and balance due to the negation of distractions and also validate the fact that you are doing the right thing in managing your time properly.As stated by David Allen (2009), Things rarely get stuck because of deficiency of time. They get stuck because the doing of them has not been defined. Most of the stress people experience comes from inappropriately managed commitments they make or accept. Therefore, you essential manage your time properly in order to obtain the necessary skills that will assist in reaching your goals. In order to be successful with time management, you have to set some goals. It may help to divide your goals into time frames i.e. long term, short term, and day to day goals that will in the end assist you in achieving your goals. You need to think of what goals you would like to accomplish (long term- own business in atomic number 23 years, short term-complete all Business Management courses, and day to day-stay focused on completing daily tasks).In order to reach the fundamental long term goal, the first step is to get a deviser or a journal to write down what course of action need to be taken. The coterminous step helps you to decide on the importance of each task that needs to be done. We must evaluate the necessity of each task and list them accordingly. For instance, going to work should be well above going to the mall on your list. You must also take into consideration how much time each task will take. If you are assigned a task at work, which you believe will take an hour to compete then you must set aside some time during the week so that you can complete it properly. In the same instance, if you work for eight hours and you only have two hours before you have to cook dinner for your family, then you do not want to schedule a two and a half hour movie dat e.Very often people overlook these simple things that add a strain orstress in their lives by committing to things that do not fall within the estate of what needs to be done. Peter Drucker (2009) said, If you want to improve how you manage time stop doing what doesnt need to be doneIn summary, schedule your time effectively by first prioritizing what needs to be done first. Ask yourself what sacrifices need to be made in order to stay on task. appease focused and do not stray too far from your schedule.If you have some extra time, use it wisely, i.e. read a chapter for class or read through some emails you havent gotten to. This will help eliminate stress in staying on top of things. Is what youre currently doing or plan to do going to move you closer to your goal? Define or set your goals and write them down so that you have something to reference and keep you on task. When you define your goals, ask yourself two questions where am I now and where am I going? When you know wher e you are going you are better outfit to handle the tasks at hand.ReferencesAllen, D. (2009). Why is Managing Time so Stressful? Retrieved June 21, 2009, fromhttp//www.the-happy-manager.com/quotes-on-time-management.htmlDrucker, P. (2009). Dont ForgetRetrieved June 20, 2009, fromhttp//www.the-happy-manager.com/quotes-on-time-management.html

Internet security Essay

In the essential and developing world, the routine of the internet has increased in ordinaryity. The use of the internet has become the preferred stylus of communication and resources for various players like industries, corporations, telecommunications, and governments and in business. In business, the internet has facilitated financial transactions that sport massively changed the face of business making it fast and simple and in conformation to the global village the engineering science has created.With the increased use of the internet, thither has been a agree increase in cyber execration from criminals who atomic number 18 seeking any financial gains or other advantages for example military. The frequency of these attempts is precise high and the levels of sophistication apply are slap-up . This makes it difficult for many another(prenominal) another(prenominal) organizations to determine new threats, their risk factors and ways of dealing with the be (Cetron, e t al, 2009). Many times it is difficult for the organizations to determine which attacks to deal with setoff and how to allocate resources to deal with them.In the mer burn downtile sector, attacks on electronic financial transactions have resulted in not bad(p) financial losses and corresponding reductions in exploiter confidence. Electronic transactions consist of funds transfers, data interchange, trade confirmations and benefits transfers. Many offensives that run have plagued the effort for years like theft, service denial, extortion demands or fraud. Technology has however greatly enlarged the ability of major crimes to be committed in a matter of seconds. Electronic security is an industry that is growing and becoming globalised.This industry offers services in the categories of assessment, admission and utilization. To demonstrate the severity of attacks on April, 2009, Chinese and Russian spies managed to infiltrate the United States of America electrical grid and inserted disruptive software into the system (Cetron, et al, 2009). An attack which occurred prior to this unmatch satisfactory on September 2008 would have caused the kick in of the global economy were it not for intervention. unnamed hackers robbed the lucrative American financial market accounts a total of five hundred and fifty one million million dollars in a little less than two hours.If the accounts would not have been closed by the exchequer Department they would have lost almost six trillion dollars. This would have caused the global economy to collapse in approximately twenty four hours. One security threat is phishing. Phishing involves the acquisition of sensitive teaching like passwords, credit circuit card details, usernames and pin enactments. It makes its presentation as being a legal entity. The unsuspicious victims are lured by receiving communications which purport to be from a popular website or payment processors. It is ordinarily done through instant me ssaging services or emails (Shu-Min & Shann-Bin, 2006).These communications rules the users to enter their details at a fraudulent website which bears a great semblance to the authentic one. Phishing attacks were observed on two popular brands which provide payment services for banks globally in the United States of America in February 2010. The fraudsters created phishing sites in face and other languages, the most popular being French. These websites targeted customers by perpetrateing spam mails with the subject proving the card number and claiming that there was a risk of fraudulent transactions taking place. This attack was created apply two types of phishing websites.The first utilised Uniform imagination Locators which were created with do main names with many top level domain variants. The most popular domain which was utilised was . cz which represented the Czech Republic. Upon entering their sensitive selective information into a card holder page for the false verific ation, the page redirected to the real website. The second attack utilised Uniform Resource Locators with Internet Protocol domains which were hosted on servers based in the United States (Glaessner, 2002). The Uniform Resource Locators strings were very long, typically with more than seven hundred characters.The pages asked for sensitive data but had an auto signed account card or credit card number. This auto signing was done by placing stolen numbers of cards obtained from earlier attacks on the form. Upon receipt of information the page was redirected to a blank page. Cross site scripting is a form of phishing that occurs in programs or websites that allow user input. If the input data is not properly sanitised the program may then process thee input or execute the codes which the original program was not to do. This has been used to redirect users to fake websites.Users are advised not to click on suspicious link up in emails and to check the Uniform Resource Locators of th e website to authenticate brands. It is in like manner advised that one should type the brand domain name directly into the browser address instead of following links. The use of security software has also been recommended. Pharming involves redirecting the redirection of websites traffic and taking it to a false website. Pharming is done by either converting the hosts file on the victims computer or exploiting Domain Name Systems servers software (Basu, 2009).These Domain Names Systems servers main task is to convert internet names to their real addresses. A compromised server therefore does not direct traffic to legitimate websites. Highly vulnerable sites of compromised are near internet leaves. If wrong entries on a computers host file are made it results in circumvention of name lookup using its own name to Internet Protocol mapping, this makes it a popular target for malware. Once it is rewritten a user can be redirected to a fake copy. The better targets for pharming are des ktop computers as they receive unequal administration in comparison to most other internet services.Host file compromises can compromise the network router. Many routers specify Domain Name Systems to clients on the network and wrong information here spoils the entire local area network. A compromise in routers is very hard to detect. Pharming also occurs by infecting the victims computer with malware or a computer virus. This causes the redirection of a website to a fake one. An unsuspecting user may enter information site unaware. To avoid pharming, users are advised to search for details that come up that the website is authentic. Typing the sites address into the browser bar also offers some cherishion.Use of an antivirus to reduce virus infiltration into the computers is also recommended. Vigilance is important in warding off attacks. Trojan horses are also a great threat to internet security. Trojan horses present themselves as valuable software which is available for downl oading on the internet. This fools many raft into downloading the virus in the presumption that it is another application. A Trojan horse is usually spaced into parts which are the client and the server. The client is usually disguised as important software and is find in some sharing networks like peer to peer or uncertified websites for downloads.As shortly as the client Trojan is executed in the computer, the attacker who is the person operating the server has great control over the computer and can destroy it depending on his declare oneself. The spread of the Trojan horse virus can occur through email attachments using various spamming techniques. Malware creators spread the virus through travel to software like Skype and Yahoo Messenger. The virus may also infect other machines by distributing copies of itself to those in the address book of the infected computer. There are many types of Trojan horses.Remote access Trojans give back attackers complete control of he vict ims computer and access to any information stored in the files. Password Trojans copy all passwords and look for passwords as they are keyed into a computer and send them to a certain email address. Key loggers log the keystrokes used by victims and send the log information to the attacker and can be configured to online and offline modes of recording. Destructive Trojans cause destructions to files and deletes them completely from infected computers. They are able to delete all system files of a computer (Basu, 2009).While there are other types of Trojans not mentioned here, it should be noted that a Trojan may work with a combination of some of the functionalities explained. To surmount avoid a Trojan hose virus attack, one should open email attachments or files standard from strange senders. Installing and updating an antivirus program is also helpful. For secure electronic online transactions certain criteria have to be addressed and met. There must(prenominal) be secure acce ss control which determines who has access to a system and be able to deny access to intruders. Proper authentication of users and contentedness integrity must also be established.Privacy of the parties involved must also be safeguarded and maintained (Shu-Min & Shann-Bin, 2006). Non-repudiation must be ensured where the sender cannot deny (falsely) sending a message. The use of online signatures has also been manipulated to commit fraud. Electronic signatures are a recognized electronic way of showing that a person has accepted the contents of a message sent electronically. These signatures are progressively being used in electronic commerce and have evolved into digitized signatures which are encrypted and more secure than a simple electronic signature.While they are themselves subject to fraud the purpose of their creation was to fleck fraud (Hansen, 1995). Electronic signatures are based on legal principles which have to be understood by the institutions which wish to use it. The use of digital signatures is a code that authenticates the origins of a document. A well done electronic signature causes the signer to be uniquely identified. It also causes the document to be locked using encryption technology and is electronically stamped throughout the process with time and date. It also stores the document for access without fear of being lost or its existence denied.The security of electronic financial transactions can also be enhanced by the use of digital certificates against phishing and pharming. To avoid manipulation of transactions in signature based online banking, utility of Class-3 electronic card readers should be explored. Virus scanners should be used to protect from Trojan horses. Care when downloading software should be exercised. With the mass adoption of technology, countries around the world are increasingly using technological based solutions to address their needs and carry out their functions.The use of the internet has created a highl y competitive market. While cyber crime has not infiltrated or integrated itself equally in many countries it is an industry that is growing very fast and deserves much global attention (Shu-Min & Shann-Bin, 2006). As earlier discussed, it has the capableness of destroying whole markets and creating great havoc. Attempts to control cyber crime have not been concerted. Many challenges have arisen in act to control this threat. Technology is a fast changing and cyber crime has achieved very high levels of sophistication.Cyber criminals have intentional malware which are virtually undetectable and are difficult to diagnose. It has proved challenging to design and keep up with these creations (Glaessner, 2002). Due to the high levels of vulnerability to cyber attacks there is an urgent need to formulate clear policies. These policies should include guidelines on how to cyber crime is to be dealt with. This should include coming up with laws that will outline prosecution of cyber crim inals due to the dominance of these criminals to create damage and go unpunished and detected.Users of the internet and the various services it offers should also assume face-to-face responsibility for their own safety (Cetron, et al, 2009). Studies have shown that the human factor is largely the cause of the success of cyber crime rather than advancements in technology. In the United States, despite various public campaigns on internet security, people continue to be reckless with their personal information. This leaves them very vulnerable to attacks by cyber criminals. Predictions have been made that incidences of cyber crime will continue to increase. Users should therefore be very vigilant in monitoring their information.Software to combat cyber crime is available and users should take the initiative to acquire this software to alert them of suspicious websites or claims. They should also regularly update their software like antivirus which is highly dynamic due to the creati on of new viruses and malware that occurs at a very high rate (almost daily). In conclusion, electronic financial transactions have created great savings in terms of financial savings for both providers and users and reduced the wastage of time. The use of this technology has correspondingly exposed its users newer forms of crime and every effort must be made to combat cyber crime.

The Prevalence of Production Sharing Contracts in Oil and Gas

Abstract IntroductionBackgroundThe character of the environment in which a business operates desexualises how it engages new(prenominal) players in the sector. This, therefore, determines the types of contracts that businesses get into. The crude and bumble industry relies on contracts to carry out its activities just care early(a) business entities do. The cover and mess up industry mainly engages turnout share contracts, driven by the numerous stakeholder interests the sector has.Research TopicThe Prevalence of Production Sharing Contracts in embrocate and gunman (Case Study of Sonangol, an Angolan Oil Company)AimThe aim of the study is to establish the prevalence of production share-out contracts in the oil and turgidness industry, with particular interest in Sonangol, an oil company in Angola.ObjectivesThe objectives of the study areTo determine the nature of the oil and gas business in Africa To determine the types of contracts administered in the oil and gas sector To determine the share of production manduction contracts relative to other types of contracts To establish the reasons for adoption of production sharing contracts at SonangolResearch questionsWhat types of contracts does Sonangol engage Are production sharing contracts prevalent at Sonangol Why does Sonangol adopt production sharing contracts What benefits and challenges do Sonangol get by using production sharing contracts Literature ReviewKey WordsContracts, Production Sharing Contracts, Effects, Prevalence, Economics, supranational Oil Companies, National Oil Companies, AngolaKey LiteratureBindemann, K., 1999. Production Sharing Agreements An Economic AnalysisThis source touches on the economics of production sharing agreements with reference to oil and gas in Angola and the Middle East.Bindemann, K. 2000. The Response of Oil Contracts to constitutional Price Movements. Discussion Paper. Department of Economics (University of Oxford). Fattouh, B. and Darbouche, H., 2010. N orth African oil and foreign investment in changing market conditions. Energy Policy, 38(2), pp.119-1129.Gaps in literatureMost literature refers to situations in North Africa and the Middle East and not Angola or Sonangol. Most available literature is more than five years old. Chances are that the conditions have changed, variation them irrelevant to current circumstancesThis section presents an analysis of existing literature on Oil and Gas in Africa and Angola in particular, while studying the types of contracts that oil and gas companies utilize. This is broken down into subtopics as remarksOil and gas in AfricaThis section provides a general overview of the oil and gas industry, highlighting the major players companies, countries, communities, and other stakeholders. History of the oil and gas industry in Africa Challenges in the African oil and gas industryOil and gas in AngolaThis section provides an overview of the Angolan oil and gas industry, highlighting the major playe rs companies, communities, and other stakeholders. History of the oil and gas industry in Angola Challenges in the Angolan oil and gas industry Merits of oil and gas to the Angolan EconomyContracting in the oil and gas industryTypes of contracts administered in the global oil and gas industry similarity between contracting in Africa and the Middle EastProduction Sharing ContractsIdentify the parties involved Terms and conditions Benefits/demeritsContracting at Sonangol (Types of contracts)Encompasses all types of contractual agreements Sonangol engagesCriteria Sonangol put ons to select the type of contractual agreements it usesRatio of contracts based on typeProduction sharing contracts at SonangolThe nature of production sharing contracts at Sonangol Parties involved Responsibility Terms and conditions Research MethodologyThe study go out follow the constructivist approach and rely on the analysis of secondary data that will be obtained both from the hugger-mugger and public d omain. Of particular interest will be records from Sonangol and researches published in journals. The research will use catalogues to locate relevant books and indexes to locate appropriate periodicals. In addition, the study will use the Internet to scratch relevant electronic resources and databases. An analysis of the books, periodicals, and databases would follow to ascertain the authority and quality of information. Data analysis will be quantitative.Findings i.Reasons for the adoption of production sharing contracts at Sonangolii.Advantages of production sharing contracts at Sonangol iii.Disadvantages of production sharing contracts at Sonangol iv.Comparison between production sharing contracts and other types of contracts at SonangolDiscussionDiscuss the reasons for the prevalence of production sharing contracts at Sonangol, their merits, demerits, and challenges.ConclusionSummary of the suitability of production sharing contracts at Sonangol. Are they the best for the oil a nd gas industryShould they be upheld?ReferencesList of all works cited in the studyAppendicesRelevant documents, tables, and graphs

Importance Of Volunteering To Better Your School And Community Essay

With expeditious lives, it depose be hard to find time to extend. However, the benefits of proposeing are enormous to you, your family, and your community. The right match substructure help you find friends, reach out to the community, learn new skills, and even advance your career. It entrust excessively look good on any of your college applications, because in this competitive world, most colleges or universities are feeling for bulk that are actively involved in their community. Mostly those who volunteered are those who did really well in their school.Volunteering connects you to others. One of the better known benefits of volunteering is the impact on the community. Unpaid volunteers are often the glue that holds a community together. Volunteering allows you to connect to your community and make it a better place. However, volunteering is a two way street, and it mountain benefit you and your family as much as the cause you choose to help. Dedicating your time as a vol unteer helps you make new friends, expand your network, and boost your social skills. Volunteering helps you make new friends and contacts.One of the best shipway to make new friends and strengthen existing relationships is to commit to a shared activity together. Volunteering is a salient way to meet new people, especially if you are new to an area. Volunteering also strengthens your ties to the community and broadens your support network, exposing you to people with common interests, neighborhood resources, and fun and fulfilling activities.Volunteering drive out provide career experience. Volunteering offers you the chance to try out a new career without making a long-term commitment. It is also a great way to give experience in a new field. In just about fields, you can volunteer directly at an organization that does the kind of work youre interested in. For example, if youre interested in nursing, you could volunteer at a hospital or a nursing home. Your volunteer work mig ht also strike you to professional organizations or internships that could be of benefit to your career. Volunteering can teach you valuable job skills. Just because volunteer work is unpaid does not mean the skills you learn are basic.Many volunteering opportunities provide extensive training. Volunteering can also help you build upon skills you already have and usethem to benefit the greater community. For instance, if you hold a successful sales position, you raise awareness for your favorite cause as a volunteer advocate, firearm further developing and improving your public speaking, communication, and marketing skills. Volunteering brings fun and fulfillment to your life.Volunteering is a fun and thriving way to explore your interests and passions. Doing volunteer work you find meaningful and interesting can be a relaxing, energizing escape from your day to day routine of work, school, or family commitments. Volunteering also provides you with renewed creativity, motivation, and vision that can carry over into your personal and professional life.Lastly, volunteering helped a lot of people and while helping others you willing feel very happy because you actually did something for them. Sometimes, it is not always about what you want, but what other want. You will also encounter a lot of different problems while volunteering, but if you actually take some time and helped them solving it, you will find out that volunteering is a very happy task. The highest of distinctions is service to others. To dispense is beautiful, but only if it is done with joy and a whole heart and a free mind.

Operations and Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

operations and Supply Chain Management - Essay ExampleThe report leave behind asses some aspects of operations and tot chain management in terms of strategies to be adopted, try chain design, add chain planning, schedule and planning in retail and global operations, procurement management sustainable supply chain, want forecasting, demand management, and product design supply chain. The paper will in any case asses some aspects of transport and distribution supply chain management, warehousing and material handling service operations, logistics disclosesourcing financial considerations, lean manufacturing human aspects of operations and supply chain management, quality management pedagogical issues, and maintenance research methodology in operations and supply chain management. It is worth noting that any of the above analysis will be done with an aim of underdeveloped a consultancy report to advice the management of the company about an appropriate layout for the proposed store. It is in this light that I will discuss the elements of a hypermarket layout plan in order to address all relevant considerations that should be countersink into practice to make easy the operations of such a business once in force. insertion Studies have noted that the concept of operations and supply chain management has been emerging as a management issue of concern that organisations have sought to address to its conclusive end (Heiman and Nickerson, 2002, p.97 Singh and Power, 2009, p. 189). Horvath (2001, p. 205) observes that having have it away out as a dominant theme, supply chain integration is being considered to be of vital brilliance given the role it plays in business management. An organizations operations are strategically vital in the sentiency that, nearly all of the houses everyday activities are normally within the operations function. The relationship between a firms strategy and its operations is actually the big factor that determines the overall success of the firm in relation to its set objectives either in the short run or in the pine run. Other scholars have been for the opinion that supply chain management (SCM) would be best carried out if traders come together and form and co-operate so as to achieve a common goal with an aim of acquiring benefits that may accrue from such integration. In order to determine the best layout and size of a recent hypermarket near Sydney, I considered research studies on the Sydney market, consumer behaviors, the markets potential in relation to local anesthetic and international competition, international trade barriers, transport cost, local competition, government requirements, and political stability. In addition, I also researched on buyer behavior, competitive practices, distribution channels, media and demographic patterns through research studies about Australian markets, especially Sydney. However, the major discussion will be based on geographical expanse of Australia, especia lly Sydney, and demographic profile. This will put into consideration reliable data on potential demand, the cost of facilities, and operating costs such as labour and transportation Literature Review Australian Market Studies have indicated that operations and supply chain management (OSCM) assists companies to respond to market factors appropriately and allay any undesirable encumbrance that may impede an organization (Holweg et al., 2005, p. 170 Chen et al., 2000, p. 436). In the sane way, other studies indicate that super integrated supply chains help firms in building competitive advantages over rival companies (Myhr and Spekman, 2005, p. one hundred eighty Themistocleous et al., 2004, p. 393). From studies conducted on Australian internal market, (Chan, 2006, p. 238) has found

Sentencing and penology law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sentencing and penology law - Essay Example175 in particular. Corlett argues that Kants theory does advocate for fairness and human dignity (61). Shoham, Beck and Ketts examination of Kants theory of penalty in International Handbook of Penology and savage referee is very instructive and intuitive and get out be relied on it to a greater extent than the others. Kants theory is interpreted to mean that if hunting lodge does non punish offenders, society is complicit in the crimesee pp 384-385 for further discussion.Another relevant world of study is the general theory of punishment in the field of criminology Look at the deterrent dominion and how it development as a discipline in criminology see Craggs The Practice of Punishment Towards a Theory of Restorative Justice, beginning at p. 42. Also note Braithwaites theory of punishment as expressed in Not Just Deserts A Republican Theory of Criminal Justice and the range away from deterrence. Use Lord Dennings quote as a lead-in Lead into the move toward rehabilitative justice as opposed to retribution and deterrence as theories of punishment. See Gaines and Miller Criminal Justice in Action The Core beginning at p. 259. See also Tonrys Sentencing Matters on the move away from rehabilitative justice (190 onward). Braitwaites discussion on restorative justice in Restorative Justice and Therapeutic Jurisprudence 244-262 should also be incorporated into this section to acquaint the principles of sentencing and create theories of punishment. Also tie in Walgrave and Aertsens Reintegrative Shaming and Restorative Justice and Banduras Mechanishms of Moral Disengagement for arguments in favor of restorative justice as a means of demonstrating that Kants theory of punishment is not conducive to the aims and objective of criminal justice. Also look at Austins Using first Release to Relive Prison Crowding A Dilemma in Public Policy to demonstrate that Kants theory of punishment is

MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND DECISIONS Essay - 1

MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND DECISIONS - Essay Exampleems the most secured form of nip and tuck enough m acey to start the business, but in case the harm of the assets suddenly drops, it may be practically impossible to get enough capital for the organization. Banks, on the other hand, expects that some strict requirements atomic number 18 fulfilled before they could award any brings (Mentre 1984). It is not always possible to secure a loan from banks because the requirements are often many. Therefore, it is better to rely on the sale of assets to raise the needed capital for the setoff of the organization. The assets that would be sold to obtain this capital include a block of flat and a six-month-old salon car.The organization has a limited number of daily operations being a duty one and small-scale in nature. The major activities involve purchasing, stockpiling and distributing orders to customers. The organization is not involved in price control and does not engage in market manipulation as would a big trading company. Therefore, choosing to finance the organization using the capital raised through the sale of personal assets appears to be unafraid and would not threaten business continuity (Doughty 2000). The fact is that whenever banks refuse to grant loan applications, the business activities at the organization would be slow down. No entrepreneur that is profit-oriented would want his/her business enter a mannikin of financial dryness a critical condition when it would be seriously difficult to obtain the demand funds to keep operating. Relying on the capital raised from personal assets would solve this unique problem.Task 4 (The Cost of Finance) The cost of finance for the sales of my asset is, in principle, the total expenses made in the syllabus of selling them. Below is the exact cost of finance that came up during the selling processesThe cost of finance shown above is moderate compared with the cost I would have paid to obtain sim ilar amount of loan from a bank or other financial institutions. Even though the

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Economics - try out ExampleInterest rates are used as tools by central banks to control inflation. When beach believes inflation is beginning to rise, it raises interest rates to cool the economy and vice versa. Therefore, the long term modify of raising interest rate will be to reduce inflation. For the constructers of apartments, this might mean relatively cheaper turnout due to cheaper cost of resources. The supply curve will therefore shift to the right (fig.4).Constructers will be able to provide more value for the same price to the customers. Also, many of the customers who might have refused to seat in property initially when the interest price increased would now be more in terms with the market and willing to invest. In the longer run, increased interest rate would have do its impact of controlling inflation and prices for other goods would be more stable. All these factors would result in change magnitude the demand and would result in a shift in demand curve to the right

IMPACT OF MORE ACCOUNTING INFORMATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

IMPACT OF MORE ACCOUNTING INFORMATION - Essay modelThe impact of more(prenominal) than report information will be discussed in relation to the users of the financial statements such as the sh atomic number 18holders, suppliers, customers and creditors. Likewise, the impact of more accounting information when used by the competitors (Molloy and Molloy, 1996) or employees will to a fault be discussed. Considerations of futurity situations tend to affect conventional accounting, although using elements of the future forms an essential component of the accounting structure. The financial standard of decision relevancy of accounting (Weston and Brigham, 1993), generally agreed to be a first factor that gives societal value to accounting, may be weakened by the search for a more creditworthy accounting procedure. One of the best techniques in accounting would be to incorporate aspects of future determine without leaving too many degrees of freedom for manipulating the data. The a im is thus to keep accounting credible, and yet predictable and even if more accounting information becomes available, all aspects of the information will have to be considered, onward any final conclusion is drawn on the advantages or disadvantages of the accounting information.... The financial statements are audited by external auditors (Whittington and Pany, 1995) either chartered accountants or certified public accountants in order to give credibility to the statements. All companies are required to give financial statements to its shareholders, suppliers, creditors, employees, managers, board of directors, government regulating bodies and the like in order to ensure that the company does not violate any corporate laws and that they remain accountable to their stakeholders and financiers. The financial statements are important tools for decision making and determine company management policies and thus accounting forms the theme of any corporate management decision making. T here have been arguments on incorporating additional estimates or forecasts of the future into financial statements and providing estimates of future cash flows. This may in turn be considered alongside some stunning corporate scandals, for companies located in the US, which have been focused on reducing the power of managers which could engage in fraudulent behavior and accounting manipulation of assets, liabilities and capital. A more reliable and validated or trustworthy figures on the balance sheet is expected and income statement accounts have been implemented by new and more complicated monitoring and inspection processes. As to how far this can be achieved can be analyze by using market values in accounting reports. The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAPs) in a number of countries contain elements of the market values of assets and liabilities. To illustrate, International Accounting Standards (IAS), U.K., and U.S. GAAPs require financial investments that are not long-term investments,