Gunpowder Empires

You skill shed heard of gun powder, but do you know who invented it and when it was created. It was branch created by the Chinese during the tang dynasty. This particular dynasty was active in the eighteenth century. Gunpowder contains 3 important ingredients sulfur, saltpeter, and charcoal. Ironically today we use pulverization to kill but before used in weapons the Chinese plan it could cure skin diseases. Soon after powders get potential was discover. The Chinese then invented the cannon. Three major empires saw the force out of these cannon and began to create and experiment with this new technology.As known technology modernistic so did cannon building and other small arms. This allowed the empires that invested in this technology to strengthen and spread out and subdue more lands. As these empires spread out they began to intrude on European cities. Naturally Europeans didnt appreciate the intrusion. The Europeans began to compact back and start wars, most importa ntly at the battle of capital of Austria. Vienna was a very important city for the powderpuff Empire to conquer seeing how it is the easy passage through the mountains to Europe, a sort of doorway. The Ottoman Empire attacks the best they could fighting the Europeans.The fighting was so close that solely the long waited Calvary from Poland was able to save the Europeans from total disaster. Maybe if the ottomans pulverisation was more powerful and closer to todays formula they would rich person won. If the Calvary had never showed up the entire history of Europe would be different. Another example is when the Ottoman Empire managed to conquer Istanbul. You may be wondering how anyone could get past the 50 by 40 root walls of Istanbul. The Ottoman Empire developed huge cannon. These cannon were 20 half-dozen feet long and 18 inches thick. It shot carved stone balls that weighed in dissipation of six hundred pounds.These alone werent enough to take peck the wall however the ott omans came up with a clever strategy. What the ottomans did was build twenty six of these bad boys and divide them into three groups each group open fire at one desired point along the wall with days of constant battering at one point the wall came down. The gunpowder undoubtedly changed history, even though some people believe that if gunpowder was never discovered the world would be a safer place. They might be right but I dont see how we could have reached this point in development without technology.

My parents My role model Essay

Many times in brio history, we come crossways a tough, influential person who leaves a great and powerful affect on our lives. When you hear the words quality dumbfound in your life, who or what do you think of? When I hear it a disembowel of actors, musicians, athletes and, celebrities Over the years, the concept of a essay on subprogram manakin has changed from fictional heroes seen in movies, comics, and stories to average people that make an exceptional shock absorber on someones life. A role of p atomic number 18nts in our life model need not necessarily be a celebrity. A role model in lifecan be family, teacher, ally or just a stranger, social worker, a leader etc. who did something that changes your thoughts and decisions about life. And for me my role model atomic number 18 my pargonnts in this essay. My father is my role model are my parents because they posses the quality of a good parent. I know, they are not perfect but they carry the virtue and quality of a p arent that everyone could wish for.see moremuet speaking tipsImportance of parents in our lifeMy parents are very responsible, good provider, committed to their duties and responsibilities, loving and intractable in pursuing their plans to nurture us with good values and norms so that we will became responsible,well-disciplined, God-loving and taught us to love others, as we grow aging. my parents make certain(a) that they provide us what we need and they do their best, even in the middle of hardships. They do not stop or even pause in fulfilling their duties and responsibilities as a parent. They always seek a solution or find ways to keep our life better and meaningful. My parents always gift and teach us the good values so that we can yesteryear it on to the next generation. They are always there to support us in our endeavor and in pursuing our dreams. They are very adjuvant especially when I need to decide on my own, they are always there on my side, not to be hindered in my plans but instead to give advice and support that I needed most. My parents make sure that they are on my side in every step of the way of our life.My role model speechMy parents are essay on my role model because I want to be like them, the way they nurtured us Parents are the first role models for their children. Children look up to their parents with love and trust and at least in the formative years they try to follow intimately the example set by their parents. It is imperative that parents be positive, pro-social models that lead by example so that their children learn to be emotionally intelligent and fortune with all kinds of people while nurturing loving relationships as they grow up. In a busy world that is becoming increasingly indifferent to the weak, the old and the vulnerable, parents should showtheir children that honesty, courage, mercy, love and tolerance are as important as brilliant feats of mind and body are to retain the worlds sanity. We owe it to our children. work CitedOstermann, Samuel H. Role Model. Hamilton, N.Z., X Street Two, 2010.Role Model. Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_model.

A Rose for Emily & the Lottery

Thuan Nguyen Dr. Robert Janusko English II 2/17/13 A uprise for Emily & The Lottery M whatever short stories use a technique where they conceal the ending of the smudge while preparing the proof ref for the ending. In order to do that, the causation uses methods of point of horizon and foreshadowing. In A rose for Emily written by William Faulkner and The Lottery written by Shirley capital of Mississippi, the authors use both methods. The point of overtake used by William Faulkner in A Rose for Emily is in 1st psyche narration where the narrator is the reviewer of the protagonist.In Shirley Jacksons The Lottery she uses tertiary person point of view in which the narrator is non involved in the spirit level. Like well-nigh stories, A Rose for Emily and The Lottery both use a literary device known as foreshadowing in which both of the authors bring back clues and apprehensions through forbidden the hi horizontal surface that lead the ref to upcoming give-up the gho stings in the hi invoice and prepare the reader for the ending. In A Rose for Emily, the narrator is the observer of Emily Grierson who is the protagonist of the drool.Narration in 1st person point of view keeps the reader wondering what is going to happen next because it controls the perspective which allows for more surprises. The author in addition uses foreshadowing in which hints and clues are accustomed throughout the story to prepare the reader for containations in the story. An example used in the story is how Emily Grierson was in denial and refused to admit that her father is dead. The story also says how Emilys father was really protective of her and didnt allow Emily Grierson to date any men because no one was good enough for her.Another example throw awayn was that the person that Emily Grierson has been date, Homer Barron was a Northerner and Emily Grierson knew that her family would not approve of her dating a northerner. Both of these examples gives the reader the hint that the reason Emily Grierson had killed Homer Barron was because she needed a male in the put forward with her to protect her which is why she did not give up her father for three days. Also, the fact that she loved Homer Barron nevertheless felt guilty that he was a northerner because her family would not approve of her dating a northerner.The author also concealed the ending when he threw the reader off by telling the reader that while Homer is out of town Emily bought a poison known as Arsenic. This caused the reader to expect that she was going to kill herself because Homer Barron left her even though he was only when going out of town for a few days. thusly the narrator went on to tell the reader how Emily bought mens items and a toilet set with Homer Barrons initial on it to discommode the reader away from the poison. This distraction was the authors method of exhausting to conceal the ending while preparing the reader for the ending.The story also hint how t here is a smell of decay in and around her house which usually means a dead corpse. At the end of the story Emily Grierson dies and up in the locked up second floor was a flesh which was Homer Barrons body. Next to Homers Body was a pillow with an indentation of a head and a strain of Emilys hair. It was obvious that Emily had killed Homer Barron because Arsenic, which Emily purchased earlier, has side effects of edema. In The Lottery, Shirley Jackson writes the story in a 3rd person point of view which allows the reader to understand the situation from all sides.Since the story was in 3rd person point of view not all of the villagers thoughts were not revealed, which the reader eventually learns from the villagers argument that this is not something the people of the village would want to win. If the story were in 1st point of view from Mr. Hutchinsons perspective consequently the narrator would have to explain how Mr. Hutchinson felt about the lottery, easily handsome away the ending that someone was going to get hopped-up. Third person point of view allows the narrator to give bits of information though the actions and discussions of the villagers and not give away the ending.An example of this is when the narrator said Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets bountiful of stones. The information given could most likely mean anything or precisely something meaningless. They could be playing a game with the rocks that he stuffed in his pockets. The story therefore reveals that the rocks were used to stone someone to death at the end. whatever other clues and hints given in the stories was the saying by obsolete troops Warner Lottery in June, Corn be heavy soon and the story also mentions a ritual. The saying Lottery in June, Corn be heavy soon is saying that population control is needed because Old an Warner also mentioned how there would be trouble if this tradition stopped overdue to lack of supplies. The term Ritual usually could mean death. The story was then easily given away that someone was going to be stoned when Tessie Hutchinson pressd against her own husband for winning the lottery. It wouldnt make sense to argue with your own spouse if they would win the lottery. Again, the story keeps you wondering what is going to happen next when they had to redraw the card and ends with Tessie Hutchinson being stoned to death.In conclusion, the authors used different points of views and also foreshadowing to conceal the ending while preparing the reader for the ending. A Rose for Emily used 1st person point of view effectively and only allowed the reader to be the observer of Emily Grierson instead of being in her point of view which helped conceal the ending of the story. The Lottery used 3rd person point of view effectively and concealed the ending by not revealing the villagers thoughts.

Pr to “My Left Foot”

Per word of honoral Response to Text My Left nucleotide By Isis Horne It would be difficult to exaggerate the degree to which we atomic number 18 palpated by those we set. Eric Hoffer. Parents greatly work their children most oftentimes people forget that children also greatly influence their parents. Children and everything they do have such a colossal meet on a parents life, and we as children are so caught up in ourselves that we often forget that even the most insignificant act in our minds changes everything a parent does or goes about handling it.A wonderful example of how children and parents influence each other is the memoir my left foot by Christy browned. Children are always watching their parents, how they do things, how they act, and their beliefs. In the text My Left Foot It is suggested that parents influence their children to succeed by believing in them and encouraging them. Mrs. Browns actions influenced Christy tremendously, she showed that parents effec t the way their children turn out. Mrs. Brown showed loyalty to her son when family and doctors said he was an imbecile, and should be put into an asylum.She did not put Christy into an asylum, alternatively she let him live prevalently with his parents in a loving home. This Gave Christy the take chances to live wish any other child would. Her Patience, and compassion for Christy is shown when she sit with Christy for hours trying to communicate with him, and she never gave up trying, and encouraging him. Her patience paid off when Christy was trying to write the letter A on the chalkboard with his foot, she kept encouraging him to keep trying until he succeeded to write the letter, and she was so proud, she cried tears of joy.Through Mrs. Browns Persistence of not letting Christy give up, or allowing others to waitress down on Christy, he became a published writer, and successful in his life. I have been suffering from Bipolar 1 and psychosis since I was an infant, by and by on while I was still a very junior child I started suffering from post traumatic stress as well. My mother was always there encouraging me no matter how tricky it was going to make things for her. Every time I broke from reality, and the demons where scaring me she solace me, and encourages me hat theyre not real, and nothing is going to hurt me with her around. sometimes that worked, but then the demons started saying and threatening to eat her, to dismember her and the like that made me very scared and so I tried to annihilate myself for the first time so that the demons would die with me, I was only 7 years old. My crazy mood swings where literally throwing my mothers life out of wack. one(a) moment I would be ecstatic, then not a a couple of(prenominal) minutes later I would be a weeping willow tree in the pitiful land of natural imprint. It was very hard for my mother to find help for me, but she was persistent.In the Winter of 2010, I faced the worst depression fa ze I had ever experienced. My Mother put me into a infirmary because knew I was not safe and she couldnt protect me. I was kept 4 weeks at that hospital when the discharge limit is two weeks the doctors couldnt figure out what was wrong with me. I was diagnosed with bipolar 1, with sever psychosis there, and was discharged. though I was safe enough to be let back into the world, my depression was still at a high peek, my mom found various(a) psychiatrists, but none knew how to help me.My mom kept looking, until she found a treatment program in Calgary call Adolescent Day treatment Program. They took me in almost immidiatly, and for 8 months I started my slow recovery. Because of my mothers persistence in finding help for me, driving me in from Cochrane to Calgary every morning and back, I was able to overcome my depression, control my demons, I am not in the constant terror that was holding me back from living a normal life anymore.My Mother is a very smart woman, and she always i s force me to do my best. She provides such a wonderful life for me, if it werent for her influences, I wouldnt be where I am today. I know that I will succeed in my life, she taught me that. I know that I am smart, and am capable of doing all the same things and more as anyone else. The combine I gained from my mother and at ADTP had such a positive impact on my life, its hard not to see that with confidence there is next to nothing you cant accomplish in this world.

The Changing Trend in Counselling Psychology: Internet Counselling as a Psychotherapy Practice

IntroductionThe emergence of commission psychology as a distinct profession in the fall in Kingdom two decades ago was a signifi backt pointer that the orbital cavitys practitioners, represented by the British mental Society, had finally recognize that the handle is unique in terms of identity and practicing philosophy. This recognition is captured in the definition by the Society that guidance psychology is a grade based approach to focal point as a profession, and puts emphasis on the way primacy or relationship-oriented approach based on therapeutic bill (Milton, 2010). However, amidst the recognition ar altercates, both present and potential, affects and will act up to take exception the effectiveness of hash out psychology as a noble profession. The challenges, as a matter of fact, are based on the styles of delivery of delivery of counselling psychology. Presently, scholars and practitioners have identified issues, such as proficient vicissitude challenges, honourable dilemmas in relation to health maintenance organisations, psychologists facing sea guide challenges including prescription delivery go, and challenges with empirical research based support agreement among mevery early(a) issues. Although these issues are no doubt a macro concern currently, the biggest debate has revolved around the role of engine room in counselling psychology, considering that the literature about this area is hard to come by. The emergence dilemmas are based on the force of technology on the harvest-home of counselling psychology and, at the same time, the challenges that come with its add-ond use, disposed the nature of counselling psychology serve ups modes (Gackenbach, 2011). meshing Counsellingengineering has become theatrical role of almost every household, and is predicted to continue having tremendous impact on the lives of families and households, biticularly in the spheres of economic, socio-political and cultural typefaces. In f act, internet technology has non only affected how families and households buy or sell things online through ecommerce trading programmes, but has similarly had a tremendous impact on somatogenetic and mental health of m any throng around the world. wellness passe-partout practitioners have, on that pointfore, incorporated internet into one of their modes of transferring values to the care receivers or clients. In turn, the general public, including those in subscribe of counselling go, can access code these services from home within minutes, and cost effectively. However, the inherent challenges when delivering counselling services via internet cannot be assumed, and has attracted unending debate not only on its viability but also its effectiveness as compared to the traditional personally mode of counselling (Reamer, 2013). The question would therefore be on whether advantages of internet counselling supersede its disadvantages.The British Psychological Society establi shed a sectionalisation of Counselling psychology Professional Practice Guidelines in 2006 (Reamer, 2013), which emphasised the lead to have a balanced approach to counselling psychology service delivery methods. For instance, they subject that the practitioners should not assume any form of reflexive superiority over any one in terms of stupefy, feeling, value, and know-how. They also state that any practitioners should be ready to challenge the views of persons who pathologise on the bum of sexual orientation, disability, class origin, or racial identity and religious and ghostly views among another(prenominal) critical aspects of the society (British Psychological Practice, 2006, cited in Reamer, 2013, p.169). The concept of not assuming one-way knowledge in counselling psychology has led to a number of challenges, particularly with the increasingly growing technology-laden population, including those in need of counselling and psychological support. In certain cases, the client whitethorn not have the adequate mental capacity to hear certain information, frankincense leading to miscommunication. In other words, the client may wrongly interpret a message as critical or not friendly, olibanum end up feeling hurt or injured. After all, online interaction sessions do provide neither counselling psychologist nor client with shared environment.Internet psychotherapy sessions may suffer from miscommunication mingled with the psychotherapist and client. In any case, studies have shown that miscommunication may inadvertently harm the client and possibly increase trauma after the disclosure of meaning(a) facts about them (Gackenbach, 2011). For example, text or email based communication is prone to miscommunication since the more important non-verbal cues are missing. Moreover, most counselling psychologists are mainly trained on personal techniques. The counselling psychologist may, thus, lack the writing skills necessary to adequately express meaning s in written words. (Patrick, 2006)As technology pushes populate o the brink of cosmos an entirely online society, the viability of internet counselling will remain a biting issue as it is apparent that certain aspects of counselling psychology could be more difficult to deal with than others. Most professional organisations unanimously suggest that counselling therapists practicing online counselling sessions should continue using the basic estimable standards utilise in the in-person psychotherapy sessions (Luepker, 2012). Some of the cheerations are based on the need to adhere to the informed consent employ in in-person counselling, including informing the clients about risks, benefits, available safeguards, limitations, and exceptions to confidentiality and privacy, identity verification, limiting practice to the chain of ones qualification, accurately representing themselves and their licensure status, finding solutions to the potential harm that may arise from dual ro les, and establishing emergency response for clients in different geographical locations (Gackenbach, 2011). However, the question that has never been answered is how to deal with clients coming from different jurisdiction locations with wide-ranging laws and legal procedures. In addition, a therapist may find it highly difficult to handle a case where a client threatens to devote suicide.Informed consent, Disclosure and ConfidentialityThe introduction of diverse digital versions in the counselling psychology practice has brought with it diverse problems related to informed consent, disclosure and confidentiality. However, interchangeable any other internet usage, the concept of informed consent, disclosure and confidentiality calm lingers as serious sources of dilemma. The lack of carnal presence may give birth it difficult to verify identity, thus may lead to psychotherapist plowing a minor without parental knowledge, and this consent (Gackenbach, 2011). When such occurren ce become rampant, there is likely to be more actions from policy makers to protect the majority from the feasible breach of informed consent in the context of internet counselling. in spite of appearance the context of informed consent is the issue of confidentiality, a critical aspect of counselling psychology. Studies have shown that internet is not a secure platform to assure the preservation of confidentiality (Barak, 2008). Although psychotherapists are advised to inform the clients of the potential dangers and risks associated with modes of service delivery, including breach of confidentiality and experimental nature of the exhibit, this kind of advice still leaves gaps in unwrap ways in which confidentiality can be maintained, a concern that is marvellous to end any time soon.Accuracy in assessment and observe effectiveness of interventionsOne of the first steps in the counselling process is to assess and monitor the client (Milton, 2010) However, with barriers in the virtual world, it is may be difficult to accurately assess and monitor the patients during service delivery sessions. It is important to note that virtual interaction means lost contact, which is an integral part of achieving the goals of counselling psychology as outlined by the British Psychological Society. Moreover, one of the perspectives that were present during the formative periods of counselling psychology is the need for psychologist to insure people as comparative beings.In the process of fostering collaborations with people as well as contexts that draw on a digress of perspectives, including the traditional views of people as independent entities, counselling psychology has evermore recognised that relational perspectives have significant contribution to make on not only understanding people but also attention the clients fix towards bettering their wellbeing (Patrick, 2006). However, this relationship is lost through lack of physical interaction between the psych ologist and the client. Moreover, the psychologists unfitness to focus on other family members and intimate partners obviously jeopardises any chance of learning the relationship between the clients and their significant others. As Barnett (2005) states, failure to understand the relationship between clients and people close to them may make it difficult to assess the formers self-esteem, likes, cultural upbringing and socio-political background.The controversy that is likely to extend over a long period of time is the criteria in which internet psychotherapy sessions can be evaluated. While the traditional in-person counselling therapy has elaborate supposed frameworksand models that support its use, internet counselling psychotherapy does not have any historical frameworks and models that guide its use. Although most psychotherapists have solely relied on relational counselling, they still run short because of the inability to establish therapeutic relationships with clients. At present, the main concern is how the traditional models can be interpreted into online models. Barak et al (2008) observed that internet-based interventions in the discipline of counselling psychology have been used for over a decade. However, no clear analysis of its effectiveness has been forthcoming. They, however, recommend adoption of online counselling as a legitimate option in pass psychotherapeutic counselling sessions. Still, they warn that the psychotherapists must be free to use online counselling with strong ethical issues in mind.Ethical challengesThe other challenge is the ethical issues that emerge from counselling psychology practice. In the field of practice of counselling psychology, one of the potential current issues is how to enforce ethical code of conducts, including ensuring psychologists only practice within their areas of competence based on qualifications in terms of training as well as experience (Patrick, 2006). In addition, the psychologists are expe cted to take reasonable steps in ensuring their work follow necessary procedures that protect clients from any possible harm. However, this challenge still poses serious challenges to the regulatory authorities as it is difficult to sight out unqualified persons from assuming counselling responsibilities at the detriment of the clients. In essence, professional accountability is still considered far from being managed. Furthermore, laws governing counselling psychology practices may be different from one geographical jurisdiction to another, with questions as to how the two persons client and psychologist, can operate (Luepker, 2012). It has been observed that some(prenominal) practicing counselling psychologists have attempted to navigate through the legal and professional barriers in internet counselling by defining their online counselling services as psycho-education (Patrick, 2006). Although some online counselling may be legitimately offering purely therapeutic education ser vices, some therapists cross the boundary and treat clients within multiple sessions, which clearly suggest therapeutic counselling sessions quite a than claimed educational. This is a serious ethical breach that, although may be meek by stricter regulatory laws and policies, may be difficult to interpret for attach actions to be taken.ConclusionDespite the advancement in technology and the appetency to build long-standing strategies to effectively deliver appropriate services to clients in the field of counselling psychology, there are inherent challenges that remain controversial to date. Confronting the complexness of electronic media to deliver counselling sessions in the most professional vogue has is one area that remains a challenge, and is expected to continue predominate this comparatively new profession. Moreover, virtual interactions are limited in the finger that the psychotherapist and the client are not connected beyond internet, hence are not able to experien ce the common advantages that come with physical interactions, such as nonverbal cue interpretations. Issues that have arisen, and will continue to generate debate in the foreseeable future are miscommunication, inability to stick to professional code of ethics by some counselling psychologists, inability to assess and measure the success of online counselling sessions, and difficulty in keeping internet communications secure. In fact, these issues have been discussed and continue to dominate the professions sphere of influence. It may be important to state that counselling psychologists may need to participate in developing thoughtful policies and procedures related to technology use in the field of counselling psychology by involving clients in the process. Lastly, it must be important to state that whenever technological intervention affects therapeutic relationship, either positively or negatively, the impact becomes part of the profession, hence must remain in the record.Refer encesBarak , A., Hen, L., Boniel-Nissim, M. and Shapira, N. (2008). A comprehensive examine and ameta-analysis of the effectiveness of internet-based psychotherapeutic interventions. Journal of Technology in humane Services, 26 (2-4) 109-160.Barnett, J.E. (2005). Online Counseling New Entity, New Challenges. The CounselingPsychologist, 33 (6) 872-880.Gackenbach, J. (2011). Psychology and the Internet Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, andTranspersonal Implications. Waltham, Massachusetts Academic Press.Luepker, E.T. (2012). Record Keeping in mental hygiene and Counseling. ProtectingConfidentiality and the Professional Relationships. London Routledge.Milton, M. (2010). Therapy and Beyond Counseling Psychology Contributions to therapeuticaland Social Issues. New Jersey, NJ John Wiley & Sons.Patrick, P. K. S. (2006). Internet counseling Trends, applications, and ethical issues. In P. K. S.Patrick (Ed.). Contemporary Issues In Counseling. Manuscript submitted for publication (Allyn and B acon).Reamer, F.G. (2013). Social work in a digital age ethical and risk counselling challenges.Social Work, 58(2) 163-172.

Culture in Sports

romps sire payd to the building of civilizations and stomach be seen as superstar of he pillars upon which the clement civilization was built. Those who be mid clear of the federal agency of variants in heaps history and polish be non right. The evidence to the utilisation diversions escapeed in hu reality civilization is clear-cut in the human history. The Roman empire is one of the gr eatest empires in which sports flourished and was annu aloney storeyed in the Olympic games t eyelid set off BC in capital of Washington in Greece. The role of the Olympic games as one cultural divide finish never be denied in gathering mass.This was assured at one time again when the new Olympic games was set off again In the nineteenth entry. Herein, It ass be mentioned that stadiums and sports h alls became the temples of civilisation and sportsmen became the be bers of the highest cultural values(Duna, et al, 2007). The issue of the family between sport and assimilation I s really awkward because lots believed that sports cannot be fictitious character of the polish of e truly nation. However, this article is specifically focusing on showing that sports ar nothing but an original part of the subtlety of nations.This article has been decided on to shedding light on farming , its definitions, sports as a component of cultivation, the ultra of sport in europium, goal of sport in The prat eastern United States and the socialization of sport in Africa because I myself take a strong belief that sports contributed and is till modify to the culture of any(prenominal) rustic. This is in addition to disc everyplaceing that there is very little literature focusing on sport as an grammatical constituent of culture and the relation between culture and sport especially in the pixilated ( nerve centre East and North Africa) division In spite of the so numerous achievement that rent been make by sport and sportsmen In this region.Definition of culture A variety of definitions for culture were provided over years. However, each definition represents the in the flesh(predicate) point of li ascend perspective of the reviewer that provides the definition . Kookier and Chuckhole suggested a fig of definitions that exceeded 200 definitions for the concept of culture in their book, Culture A fine Review of Concepts and Definitions (Kookier and Chuckhole, 1952). Howard & Sheet (1969), stated that culture refers to the collective mental programing which hoi polloi in a society fool.Their definition supposes that al intimately all the Individuals activities argon directed by his or her knowledge culture and sport Is trustworthyly one of those activities. According to Hawkins et al. 1983) culture was defined as That composite plant whole which Includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, law, morals, customs and any other capableness and apparels acquired by man as a member of society. It is important to show here that steady w ay so it is one part of the culture.To others culture can be defined as A way of life of a assemblage of nationthe behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking slightly them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next. When culture is related to one country, it is to be called national culture. When it is related to one division of a country or community, it can be called sub-culture. When it is concerned with an organization, it is called corporate culture. People are not born with their cultures, but culture is to be acquired and recorded.Sports and culture It is believed that sports have become a part of culture because close to cultures perpetually play a image of a sport that they like. They may have invented some kind of sport and evermore played it. Let us vex one touristed example which is the cultural sport of one of the just about advanced nations all over the humanity . Let is the USA. The Americans believe hat one very important part of their culture is the sport of baseball. We can ask any American boy, girl, old man, student, scientist, or whatever comes to our minds. What is your darling sport? And nine of each ten will certainly resolution Baseball. But, Why?Because it is their cultural sport. They invented it and lived with it. Baseball and all its components have become part of everyday USA inhabitants life. Baseball remains a uniquely American art, a celebration of folk culture. Sport and culture in europium It has always been known that Europe is nothing but a mix of so many cultures. In other words, the European culture can be described as a chain of co-occur cultures. It is a mix of the East and The west, of the many religious attitudes, of the many governmental movements of the many arts and sports Etc. The Europeans are by temperament diehard in a frame of freedom.The European nations are several and more or less every country or r egion has its own culture. all(prenominal) region in Europe is give tongue to to be swell-known from the others by its type of music, literature, food, clothes, language and if they speak the corresponding language, they have different dialects and accents. Sport is in like manner another part that distinguishes Europe from any other part of the world. Sport in Europe is as very old as its culture. We can say that sport has been an important fact in each part in the European cultural expression. In their culture children from the age of 10 have to go to any kind of sport academy to learn the basics of sport.So that when they grow up, they dont have the trouble of adapting to it. Many sports were established by the time of Ancient Greece. Sports in Greece which is the main part of the European culture became such(prenominal) a very important part of heir culture They invented the Olympic Games, which is the most important sports event all over the world and where all the differ ent cultural trends meet. football is another cultural tone of the European everyday life. It is almost impossible to find a spring chicken man or woman in Europe who doesnt know about football and who has a team to support.Football was introduced in its modern issue in Britain, that land of football in the nineteenth century. The Europeans think that Football is not only the most popular sport in many regions of Europe as well as the world but also a social, ancient continent. Football is the most important part of the European sports culture. They copy it eagerly and pattern it regularly. European sports and especially football has a colossal influence on other parts of the world as well as its influence on the other elements of the European culture. Sports in Europe dominate the economies of the old continent, dominate its music, dance and food.People eat what the football stars eat and wear what they wear. Football decides to a large extent when marriage ceremonies are held Etc. As a result of their professional sports. Europeans or people who are involved in their sports, view it as a Job. Which subject matter that the players have to play in any kind of circumstance . notable as it is with all the forms of sports and well known of the Olympic Games as it is European sports are one main component of its culture. The way people view sports and their grandness arises several questions in the minds of those who are unaware of the importance of sport.The Europeans always think of sports as the gateway to health and fitness. Sport is an everyday habit that must be practiced by those who are willing to savour healthy. And those represent the huge majority of those who live there. Sports culture in the pose East The sum East is the scene of action that includes both of westward Asia and northerly Africa. It includes all the Arab countries. The culture of this area is so rich and has its origins thousands of years ago in the Islamic civilization and pre-LULAS as well. The culture of the lay East countries is unique.They have their very traditionalist and restrictive way of vivification, clothing, music. Sports for people in the Middle East region never was of that importance that I have Just mentioned about it in Europe. It has always been believed that women are not allowed to practice sports because it can be shame that a woman get dressed in short clothes, run, Jump and kick. In the Middle East Area many believes really existed about sport and were inherited to the generations to follow. round regions considered sports is merely a waste of time.People there never seemed interested to do sports. The tough living conditions in most of the Middle East area was behind there deliberate negligence for sports till very near decades. The only sports that were done there were horse riding, hunting, wining and running. These sports mainly suited the temperament of the desert and sea environments that exist in this region. However , Islam urged people to practice sports and to give lessons them to their children. Horse riding as one of the traditional and cultural sports in the Middle east has a very cultural and traditional root in the area.It is worth mentioning that horse riding developed gradually till it became one of the most popular and well-known sports for its achievements. It is known that people employ horses in the early days for transportation of their goods and items. With the appearance of vehicles and the gradual brush off towards horses as transports , people began to focus on using their horses in races, and parachuting barriers. These two cultural and traditional sports have their roots in the Middle East area and refer to the greatness of the area.This was behind the natural travel for the Arabian champions in these ports. The Islamic culture that spread all over the Middle East area encourages people to practice sports at all levels under conditions of following restrictions imposed by the societies on womens practicing of sports and the way in which people of the Middle East live. It can be noticed that in the recent times many societies of the Middle east began to witness a cultural change due to the dealings and the follow up to Western and their cultural practices.Many people changed their culture and began to get new concepts and attitudes towards sports. These concepts are express to be set in their own minds and habits and are going lento to be part of their culture. These changes are supposed to focus mainly on the attitudes towards culture. But by the time we witnessed a great change in the Arabian mentality and attitudes in a way that gave the opportunities to those women to racist and enter in sports teams, these women were also allowed to compete internationally and there are champions whose achievements are unique .IANAL Al- Metalwork is the Moroccan runner who might have added to the culture of the sports in The Middle east area when she won an Olympic decoration in the 400 meters running competition in Los Angelo 1984 Olympic games. Football is said to be one of the most favorite sports in the Middle East area. Many national teams in The ME region have made a lot of achievements by participating in the Football valet de chambre cup. People are crazy about football and follow their teams whenever they go and purport by their hearts.This proves that people of the Middle East face such as the cultural restrictions or the difficult life conditions in such countries as Egypt, they support and practice sports eagerly. Culture and sport in Africa It can easily be noticed that the African culture is really exciting. to each one African nation includes variable and different mixtures of cultures that survive to each tribe. Each African nation is found to include various tribes whose languages and lifestyle are completely different from even the neighboring tribes. Countries as small as Uganda have more than 30 tribes.The sout hward of Africa has been found to be altogether different from The North of Africa in some parts of culture and any other important factor. In the North of Africa, there had been , many civilization. Countries of northerly Africa are places where cultures were brought up since the early days of humanity. Egypt is one place where culture is found everyplace in peoples clothes, food, music, sports, language and so The culture of sport in North Africa is inherited. People practice sports everyday and without any restrictions. Of sorb to the woods there are some factors that control the society, however sports are allowed everywhere to everyone.In Libya Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia sports have been known before lots of things. Football is the most popular sport there attracts millions of practitioners. Sport as a culture is the most dominant idea in the South of Africa. Sports there is something practiced by nature . collect to the nature of life in South Africa, people have to run, Jump, hit and kick to earn their living. They are practicing sports by nature there. In a country such as South Africa which is an observable mixture of cultures Sport is a great way to unite South Africans different cultural groups.However, efferent sports enjoy different cultural caramel brown bases (soccer is mostly black-dominated, rugby mostly Afrikaner-dominated and cricket mostly English-dominated). Africans tested and if they are talented enough, the clubs or the any kind of sports institute will take them and develop them to be top class players. All in all, African nations have always been known for their poverty. People work from hand to mouth. The opportunities they have to practice sports are rare. And in case they have opportunities to practice any sport, this sport must be inexpensive and costs them nothing at the same time.Culturally, this was behind the nature of sports the African rate used to practice. receivable to the tough nature of the continent that is ch aracterized by altitudes , long costs, deserts and the forests, people have those very strong bodies and large lungs that enable them to play sport especially running races, spear throwing, high Jump, all those sports. The Africans are said to excel in these sports and practice them easily and natural because they do not cost them any money and brings them high profits. These sports are encouraged in the African cultures and have roots in their heritage especially those very poor countries of theSouth such as Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Nigeria. Etc. Conclusion To conclude, cultures have always been referred to as the way in which people live, their norms, values, habits, food, costumes, languages, music and even their sports. This shows the importance of sport as one of the elements composing culture and one of the elements that contribute to the process of making humanity, civilization and the style of peoples life . And since sports are regarded as something that is shared between a lot of cultures, it is important for the survival of these cultures and the individuals that belong to these cultures.The regions that have been discussed in this articles have things in common when we talk sports. They have all witnessed the importance of practicing sports for the good of the peoples fitness and well- being. People who belong to these cultures have never gone without sports and admitted that sport is a must and its existence in their lives cannot be denied. However, certain differences do exist between these cultures when we stress the element of sport in this culture. Europe seems to be the most moderate place where sports are practiced without restrictions.People of Europe clearly and biblically admit the importance of sports for their own good. We can rarely find any European who does not practice sports in his everyday life routine. Europeans know and instruct the role of sports and admit it is part or the main part of their culture. It is alleged at the sa me stage that their work organization in their organizational culture appreciate and encourages the roles of sport in their individuals lives. On the other hand Africa and the ME areas have certain things in common when we refer to the role of sports in their culture.Both of them have discernible reference to sports in their ancient cultures and heritages. They both have tough living conditions apart from the ICC states. Sports in the African culture depends on the nature of peoples lives that is tough. Due to the nature of land and swimming, mountains, altitudes and cost, the Africans excelled in running swimming and jumping. People of the Middle East area especially those of the ICC area have long grow cultural spots . Horse riding is widely and culturally famous and practiced. The Islamic teachings direct people there to teach their children such sports.

Policing Essay

Policing CRJ 201, Section 511 abrupt Serpico Francesco Vincent Serpico was born on April 14, 1936 in Brooklyn, NY. At the age of 18 Serpico enlisted in the United States army and spend two years in Korea. In 1959 stark(a) Serpico graduated straining the law of nature academy and was sworn into the sassy York city patrol Department. From the = seed of Serpicos machineeer in the NYPD he was forced with having to defend his virtue to the practice of law department. While a rookie taking part in field officer training, there was a offend in come near call sent go forth over the radio.Serpico, wanting to do nobody but help wanted to take the call though it was break of his sector and against his veteran officers advice. andiron later forced to give up his collar despite the fact he apprehended the remaining rape suspects on his stimulate. Being a rookie officer left him unvaccinated to officers with seniority easily getting over on him. In 1960 rough became a patrol man in the 81st precinct. He thusly worked for the Bureau of shepherds crook Identification (BCI) before he was assigned to being a plain-clothes officer. This is when hotdog Serpicos problems began and he was exposed to department good police corruption. law of nature subculture is defined as shared values and norms and the established patterns of behavior that execute to characterize policing. During Franks time police corruption was unquestionably apart of police subculture. up to now it was not apart of Frank Serpicos police subculture. While stati wholenessd at the 93rd precinct Serpico was given $300 as a part of the station pay off. Not knowing what to do with the money, and it being his first experience with corruption Frank took the money to his Sargent who in get pocketed the money for himself.Becoming a snitch is something frowned upon then and now among civilians and constabulary enforcement when it comes to one of your own. It is especially difficult to be a sn itch in the police department because there is then no one commode you when in need. Blowing the whistle on fellow officers took a lot of backbone and courage, especially when knowing that no one is there to stand throne you, and e actuallyone is against you. On April 25, 1970, a New York Times expression was published by David Burnham that would shake up the entire New York City Police Department.With the assistant of Frank Serpico and Sargent David Durke, Burnham told the world of the millions of dollars paid to policeman in the New York Police Department by drug dealers, gamblers, and crooked businessmen. Frank also pointed out that despite the obvious corruption both Mayor Lindsays administration, and the police department ignored and failed to look into corruption cases repeatedly brought to their attention. This very article and the now public knowledge and outrage forced Mayor Lindsay to manikin the KNAPP Commission a v-member panel whose purpose was to investigate cor ruption among the police department. formerly the New York Times article was published, Frank Serpico was officially deemed a snitch. Subjecting himself to the possibility of extreme danger and violence, either at the hands of his own or by criminals when a lack of police back up and support is available. This possibility of danger became reality on February 3, 1971. While workings in the vice division out of Brooklyn North, Serpico and 3 differents detectives were working a drug sting. Frank was sent into the building and after witnessing the drug barter for informed the two other plains clothes officers of were the suspect apartment was located.Serpico, the notwithstanding officer that knew how to speak Spanish, was prompted to fake as if he wanted to get heroin to gain access into the suspects apartment. Once the dealer cracked the admission Frank tried to force his guidance in, only able to squelch some of his body into the suspects door. Subsequently Serpico was shot at point place range in his face with a . 22 caliber handgun. Once collapsed on the floor the remaining two officers stepped over him and proceeded with the drug abound instead of helping, they didnt even care enough to send out a cop shot call over the radio.It was a neighbour living on the floor of the shooting that called the ambulance and stayed with Serpico until a squad car arrived to escort him to the hospital. Frank Serpico soon after the shooting began to question the component of the shooting, feeling he was set up to be executed. While in recovery at the hospital Serpico was constantly harassed and faced with wishes of death. Frank recovered, losing hearing in his left ear, and in December of 1971 testified in nominal head of the KNAPP Commission. Ultimately Serpico received what he always wanted, a brass case and a promotion to detective.Of course there was no customary watching when Frank was awarded detective status, he was called and told to pick his badge up fro m the office. This was one of the many things that displayed the distain the department and city officials had for Frank Serpico. In 1972 after receiving a gold metal of honor, Serpico retired from the New York City Police Department and move to Switzerland, where he stayed for almost a decade. In 1980 Serpico back to New York City and now pop offs a quiet life upstate. Frank Serpico was the first and in all probability most famous New York police officer to report and go as far as to testify on the department wide corruption.He never gave up, never gave in, and always stayed true and loyal to the feller he took when graduating from the police academy in 1959. Hearing the story of Frank Serpico makes me grateful because I know there are truly upright and loyal individuals that hold jobs in the public service field. People exchangeable him played major roles in molding what the police department is straight off. However I do not think I would have followed in Frank Serpicos fo otsteps to expose the ugly truth of what was going on in the police department at the time. Being apart of the police subculture, all you have is each other.Once you put on the invariant and strap on that gun and badge no one tush protect you from danger but yourself and your fellow officers. Once those other officers surmise you there is no one to have your back when faced with a criminal with intent to harm you. I would remember that when my shift is over I have to go back to my family, I have to live a life outside of my career as a New York City Police Officer. If I could have found a way to not take the payoffs, still do my job to the best of my ability, and not snitch on my fellow officers, that would definitely be the route in which I would take.Frank Serpico could have easily been killed and I dont think the police department or anything else is more important then my life and the lives of my family. I do respect everything that Frank Serpico did. His integrity and coura geousness was unprecedented. Without him the police department that my friends, loved ones, and I interact with daily could very well be much different and much worst. All Frank Serpico wanted to do was be a good, moral person and an just police officer.He nicely summed up some of his feelings while in front of the KNAPP Commission by saying, Through my appearance here today I hope that police officers in the future will not experience the same frustration and anxiety that I was subjected to for the past five years at the hands of my superiors because of my attempt to report corruption We fix an atmosphere in which the honest officer fears the dishonest officer, and not the other way around The problem is that the atmosphere does not yet personify in which honest police officers can act without fear of roast or reprisal from fellow officers.

Miss Furr and Miss Skeene

neglect Furr and cast off Skeene The study of creative works by itinerary of exploiting diverse writing skills has contributed to the field of art becoming more fascinating, although, to some conclusion, mechanical and mystifying. The true skills employed, in quite a physique of cases, atomic number 18 in allegorical fashion in order to enshroud the scholarly connotation of the inventive piece and reactions of the artist. Numerous artists have brought into the prank the usage of lots(prenominal) literal skills. These proficiencys argon frequently seen in the moderne day tasty works.Nevertheless, quite a good number of booklovers ar heart-to-heart to complications in understanding these masterpieces. This has brought a lot of insights to the extent to which artists whitethorn explore in order to pass their ideas and themes to the rest of the society. In addition, the interrogatory on the importance of such literal styles to the rest of the people has besides come up. To disentangle these, the social nature of kind-hearteds play a key part since it defines life featureors such as enjoyment, indulgence and gestateing.With book of facts to the artistic skills utilise to express an artists beliefs, the story of Miss Furr and Miss Skeene by Gertrude Stein, highlights the triviality and intrigues associated with artists. The recitation of Miss Furr and Miss Skeene antecedently published in nineteen ninety ii, revolves around two women who used to co-habit. This masterpiece involves the utilization of lopsided language and conventional approach to present-day(a) writing. The irrational reiteration of sentences in this narration puts importance on the two personalities, Georgine Skeene and Helen Furr, connection (Stein 176).It is this verbatim elegance, proceeds of words, which shapes the derivation of the writers literal tactic. The duplication of words outlines the base of Steins literal tool. repeating in this narration inclines to revea l the oblique resolutions. This is because it is useful in disengaging the okay sentiments to contraptions that are artless so as to be perceived in a different way. The sensible replication of the vista dauntless in Steins composition call fors out the complications in comprehending the main entailment of this narration. Stein tries to decipher the notion and distraction of opinion into an endless structure.At the very(prenominal) time, she presents her sentiments from varying platforms instantaneously. Repetition as a literal device is critical in underlining a given theory that the artiste anticipates to share with the rest of the society. With admiration to Steins piece of work, the reiteration of the expression dauntless appears to be the essential insight as it gives ideas on the reflections and opinions of Stein (Stein 301). The repetitiveness generates an blockage in the acknowledgement of the narration because readers acquire varying ideas or so the antecedents subject. Additionally, the obscuring of the story by using gay reiterations makes it unexciting.The implication of gay attracts further questioning as it has several meanings. In the contemporary society, the expression gay refers to homosexuals. Nonetheless, in Steins composition, it ought to be studied in literal terms. In prehistoric period, the implication of this expression was wide-ranging depending on the circumstance in the play. The expression gay is composed of the word gai. This is a French adjective which refers to joyful or pleasant acts. It is further tie in to bright, dazzling colors as demonstrated by Miss spoil decorated hair as come up as the huge ornamental application of both women.The rigorous exploitation of this word by replication turns out to be sensitive and erotic. On the other hand, persistent repetition of this word ends up with a dissimilar connotation as seen in the case of the amusing Mrs. and Mr. Furr and their household which ended up in bereav ement (Stein 212). For a reader to ascertain the principal significance of the expression gay in Steins masterpiece, an intricate examination is obligatory. This calls for an additional strong exercise so as to acquire the right information as come up as interpretation. This whole process might contribute to drift off of interest in Steins work.The solicitation of simple phrases to recession d take in the regulations of writing is mystifying. Even so, Stein is able to reconstruct the human knowledge, an achievement that is way more amazing bearing in point that the rejuvenation involves massive undertakings in developing conventional revelation. Related idiomatic expression in humans and theirs vital provision, which is insight and contemplation, is engrained in a waste state of affair with, optimistic and an auspicious future to come. The regular descriptive work of Stein acts at the same time, as a point of accumulation and a reparation characteristically for the prolonge d reflection of individuals.In addition to that, it acts as a prerequisite and forthcoming high stature for both the novelist and reader. The technique used by Stein to count on as well as direct this imagery is also mystifying. This is in line with the fact that there is no extensionality with the previous masterpiece. In addition to Steins notion as defined in the story, she worries with the conduction of life or else than creation of judgments. In the long run, Stein lays bare her anti-narrative expertise with witty customary clarifications where meditation is bound by an increasingly non-standard sentence shaping of recounted processes (Stein 310).Putting in mind the manner in which she writes, Stein is set to bring out the essential routes of discernment and points of view with the purpose of articulating encountered circumstances, not as observed by an individual but as they noticeably transpire. The self-assertiveness of the authors naturalism establishes her as an appeali ng individual and such charisma can be passed on as a macro-alternative and human prevailing miniature to out-of-date procedures of its representation.Consequently, her naturalism has progressed to the relentless present-day as a result of her writings on threshold of reliability with pick up to the discussed subject. The authors naturalism widens even to a greater extent to locate the advancement of the writing as the present-day process of lead-in life by an artist. This enables the artist to come up with the masterpiece as anticipated and make the masterpiece to reach the required standards. In this context, everything is too apart from the period in which the composition was written as well as the duration taken to completely compose the short story.During the mental hospital of the masterpiece, no one thinks about the creation and insertion of the above aspects and separate in the masterpiece (Stein 356) The application of figurative language to obscure the profound meaning of a particular piece of fine art is collect to a diversity of ideas that the author is apprehensive about. Artistic masterpieces that definitely exposed an artists emotional state have been in reality. This is since the ancient times. As a result of this, the need to cultivate fresh ideas might have been the sole(prenominal) motivating force for artistes to endeavor in metaphorical writing.Since conventional narration was ideologically feasible and not naturally built, Stein endeavors to make slide by to individuals on the nerve-wracking origin of contemplative living filled with the spell of consideration as well as gazing. Furthermore, it highlights on the amiable inquest as to why we analyze things in a certain manner (Stein 3605). However, much a person expresses Steins masterpiece mastery, the greatness of gang in the work is let off delivered to the coming generation. The manifestation of sexuality in this narration is so intense that this has sidelining of the author, Stein, for quite a few years.Through examining her own individuality, originally metaphorical and later vociferous, becomes available the proof of her definition of a feminist scrutiny in which misperception and uncertainty have an inclination of cosmos prosperous spots of innovation, particularly in production or about explorations on gender. Her language routine makes Stein to be idolize as a fundamental personality in the contemporary artistic world where unwary descriptions of affection, home life and natural surroundings are employed to promote wreckage and to raid the foundations of customary exposition.Stein maintains that the self-liable and self-conscious writing procedures are crucial. This is because such writing is entwined within the diligent and sociable aggravations as it exists in a manner similar to a human being since listening and listening is never a repetition (Stein, 237). Stein takes the initiative to organize individuals about the nerve-wracking fundamen tals of the serious life complete with contentment in seeing as well as observing. She further enlightens individuals on the amiable perception of things in a certain way.No matter the way in which individuals demonstrate mastery of Steins writings, it simply dictates the passport on of their greatness. The procedure of Steins work creation still holds on to the progressing time. The author has managed to employ literal styles in her narration in order to get the deep thoughts of her readers. In doing so, the reader is presented with the opportunity to think critically and to view life issues from a wider perspective. Work cited Stein, Gertrude. Miss Furr and Miss Skeene. Understanding Literature. Eds. Kalaidjian, Walter, Judith Roof and Stephen Watt. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 368-371 Print.

Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo The Sistine chapel service The Sistine Chapel is a chapel in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican City. It is cardinal of the near storied and memorable pieces of art in the write up of art. This beautiful piece of art history besidesk a little everyplace quaternion days to collar. He skip overed this bewilder in July of 1508 and finished in October of 1512. pope Julius II had postulationed Michelangelo tonality the pileus in the chapel. The pontiff was strong-minded that Rome should be renovated to manifest its prior exaltation.He was on a mission to found this by depiction the ceiling of the chapel and he wanted the very take up catamount complete it, which he believed to be Michelangelo. Julius II assumed that if he had the ceiling sundry(a) that it would glorify his title and he would become more popular with the battalion under him. Pope Julius II wanted to make sure that every job he did for the Vatican City was more impressive than Pope Alexa nder VI, which was Juliuss rival. The ceiling to this day is 131 feet long by 43 feet wide which means that Michelangelo mixed roughly 5,000 square feet of the ceiling. in that respect were uncertaintys such as why was Michelangelo pic when he was a sculptor and the answer was that the Pope believed he would be the best for the job, even though that Michelangelo had only painted one other image in his career because he worked broadly with sculptures. The start to this paint was decrease simply because Angelo had never painted frescoes before. Angelo had to learn many new techniques for this pictorial matter just once he understood what he was doing his pace of painting sped up quite a bit. (Esaak. Many inquirys were asked rough the painting and active Michelangelo while the painting was going on and many, many years afterwards. There are still headlands going on to this day. One questions asked was why it took four years to paint the ceiling and there were many various reasons as to why this was. There were many setbacks such as mold, which made the painter and some of the others in the building during this measure sick, and glum, wet weather lots because of the frequent rain that prevented the plaster and molding to dry and stick together.During the time period of the painting Pope Julius II went off to war, and became close to ending at one time. (Katz. ) This prevented Michelangelo from getting paid and furthering the painting because, although the entire project and design was his, Angelo did not want to make any decisions without the conformation from Julius. Angelo created this unharmed design himself, entirely he did need assistants when it came to completing the project. His assistants did things such as mix paints, rush up and down the ladders, and prepare the plaster he needed for his project.Angelo trusted very few to let him ever paint the ceiling. There were rare incidents that allowed him to trust someone enough to work on the sky or landscape parts, but they never did more than that. round people always wondered if he completed the ceiling all by himself and questioned if that was a reason the painting took so long to accomplish. One question that as well struck the audience was if Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel lying on his back, as most rumors would tell. The answer to this question was no, he did not.There was a image made which reenacted the painting of the chapel, and the actor in that movie did lie on his back to create a more dramatic effect of how repugn the painting was. Angelo substantially assemb guide a scaffolding system, which is a temporary coordinate for place workers and materials during the production or decoration of a building mostly used by painters. The one he created himself was sturdy enough o hold himself, workers, and materials needed to complete his project but was higher up because there was always a chance it couldnt hold the cant up. Katz) There were many r umors going around that Angelo had a few misfortunes when it came to his wellness during the duration of the painting. He had to bend over backwards to paint the ceiling and paint over his head, which was quite a weird, uncomfortable order to be in for the long period of time he was there. This pillowcase of position could cause neck and back aches permanently, and cause a burning in ones arms that would not help the pain. Angelo similarly claimed that this permanently ruined his vision, which led to rumors of him being blind.Andrew Graham-Dixon, who was the chief art critic for Londons sunshine Telegraph said, He (Angelo) was working on the largest multi-figure compositions of the entire ceiling when the actual fresco plaster itself became infected by a kind of lime tree mold, which is wish a cracking bloom of fungus, so he had to silicon chip the whole thing back to zero and start again. Eventually he sped up. He got better. The audiences today question how someone could start off so badly on a project like this, and complete something as magnificent and beautiful as this when they had never painted before, and it end up the way it did and become so popular and famous?Some people say that most artists are born with natural endowment and started whatever theyre good at well Angelo was good at sculpting, not painting. He had only completed one other painting and the rest of his artwork was sculptures. Graham-Dixon asked a very inquisitive question that went into great detail of the painting. Andrew asks, Yet I found myself wondering, why did Michelangelo fill paragon create Adam with a finger? (Katz. ) This is a type of question that digs further than the questions the general audience would ask simply because he understands art and tries to reveal true meanings behind his findings.Graham-Dixon wrote a book, which this previous question was asked in, and he also states In other patterns, for example, if you look at Ghibertis doors in Florence, i dol raises up Adam with a gesture of his hand. And as I turned over various ideas and theories, I began to see it as the creation of the education of Adam, because thats the symbolism of the finger. God writes on us with his finger, in certain traditions of theology. In the Jewish tradition, thats how he writes the tablets of the decennary Commandments for Moseshe sort of lasers them with his finger.The finger is the conduit with which Gods intelligence, his ideas and his godliness seep into Man. And if you look at that painting very closely, you see that God isnt actually flavor at Adam, hes looking at his own finger, as if to channel his own instructions and thoughts through that finger. Statements and questions like this in the book take up many debates and myths some the Sistine Chapel, like the rumor about Angelo lying on his back to complete the painting when really it was just portrayed that was because of a movie.Another stimulating witness made in Andrew Graham-Dixon s book, Michelangelo and the Sistine Chapel, was a short exert from a poem Angelo wrote to his friend act to be amusing saying, My beard toward Heaven, I feel the back of my mind upon my neck. My loins have penetrated to my paunchIm not in a good place, and Im no painter. The obvious idea of the ceiling is the principle of humanitys need for redemption as offered by God through Jesus. This is a visual representation of the need for a strong relationship with God.When studied by master key researchers and scientists, the picture unravels more interesting details than most would imagine. The entire sections of the painting tell the story from nine scenes that came out of the Book of Genesis. (Sistine) The visual make of this project portray the idea the God created a perfect serviceman then placed the humankind as part of this perfect gentlemans gentleman but humanity couldnt handle it and they completed actions that deserved punishments as bad as death and separation from God .The painting goes on to show the deeper troubles that humanity dug themselves into, and the punishments they endured to show they were becoming a disgrace. It goes on to show God sent their savior, Jesus, to better the world and rid them on their sins. Although most of the painting is linked back to the early church beliefs, the ceiling also has components that express the exact Renaissance thinking that required reconciling Christian theology with the belief of Humanism of the Renaissance. (Sistine. ) Angelo was an odd individual in his jr. years.At the age of 17 he began dissecting corpses from the church graveyard. There were reasons to believe that Angelo had dark messages in the painting he completed for Pope Julius II. This was followed by the evidences that Angelo was also a anatomist and not just an artist. Angelo tried to hide this detail about him by destroying almost all of his anatomical drawings and notes. by and by many years of study with the evidence Angelo did no t get a change to destroy, scientists observed that his drawings and notes were hidden in the painting of the Sistine Chapel.In the panel of God Creating Adam was a clearly and easily seen visual of the human brain in the scrape section. (Fields. ) Scientists guess that Michelangelo surrounded God with a veil representing the human brain to suggest that God was giving Adam not only life, but also supreme human intelligence. (Fields. ) In the panel The Separation of light from Darkness there is more evidence of Angelo having anatomical visuals in his painting. starring(p) up to Gods chest and developing though his throat, there is a clear depiction of a human spinal heap and brain stem that researchers and scientists have discovered.Some people have come to the instinct or belief that these hidden discoveries are just homage to God. (Fields. ) The ignition in the neck of God in one panel present the clear visual of the brain is questioned because scientists do not understand how one can commit the clumsy act of highlighting the secrets he was trying to keep hidden. There is more that researchers have not discovered yet, but there will be more studying of the painting until what scientists believes to be everything hidden by Angelo is uncovered.Once the Sistine Chapel was completed Pope Julius II celebrated, and unawares after a few years later he passed away. After his passing, Michelangelo was asked to paint the wall behind the alter he accepted this request and title this piece of art The Last Judgment. (Last Judgment. ) He started the project in 1536 and finally finished it in 1541. The picture comes out from the center of Christ, and Michelangelo had mulish to show the many different saints included in the work holding the instruments of their martyrdom instead of the actual scenes of torture.Once Michelangelo completed this painting, the new Pope, Pope capital of Minnesota III, had officially decided that since these paintings were in House of Go d that the naked people had to be covered with some type of veils, loincloths, or any type of cloth as long as they were not being expose to the public in this House of God. (Last Judgment. ) Angelo had been given an artistic license too not only portray images from the Bible in his paintings, but also in mythology. The genitalia in the fresco was covered in 1564 when Michelangelo passed about by the mannerist artist Daniele da Volterra, when the Council of Trent condemned nudity in religious art.Some artists have become famous just by using techniques used by Michelangelo and inspire such artists to try to achieve a greatness he has accomplished, and is undertaking today still even though he isnt around anymore. Works Cited Esaak, Shelley. Michelangelo The Sistine Chapel Ceiling. About. com Art History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Sept. 2012. Fields, Douglas R. Michelangelo Secret gist in the Sistine Chapel A Juxtaposition of God and the Human top dog Guest Blog, Scientific America n Blog Network. Michelangelo Secret Message in the Sistine Chapel A Juxtaposition of God and the Human Brain. N. p. , 27 may 2010. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. Katz, Jamie. Smithsonian. com. Smithsonian Magazine. N. p. , 10 Apr. 2009. Web. 22 Sept. 2012. The Last Judgement. Images of a Masterpiece. Last Judgement, Michelangelos Sistine Masterpiece. N. p. , n. d. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. The Last Judgment (Michelangelo). Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 10 Nov. 2012. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. Sistine Chapel Ceiling. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 10 Nov. 2012. Web. 26 Sept. 2012.

The role of engineers in policy making

Policies target jobs. constitution sets forth an apprehension through regulations that baffle a severalise of affairs necessitating declaration. It is created in both domestic and extinctside(a) kingdoms as earth insurance constitution, with ends of promotion in mark countries such as teaching method, wellness and public assistance, defence, and in-migration. season these may be readily sure as longstanding cut downs in humanity, with continuing re scholarship of their being and on-going outgos of monies toward proposed solutions, we essential inquire why our policies do nt give us coveted consequences.At a national degree, certain political procedures exist to guarantee that portrayative scrap in policymaking exists and this typic anyy occurs inside nation- secernates ( Stone 200823 ) . While critical analysis reveals restrictions to the procedure, there is no such procedure in making worldwide policy. Nanz and Steffek ( 2004 ) remark that International adminis tration is distant from citizens, its processs atomic number 18 opaque, and it is dominated by diplomats, administrative officials and functional specializers. Stone ( 200824 ) farther claims that this restriction has incapacitated critical thought. Functional specializers advise diplomats and administrative officials as to the range and comprehensiveness of a presumption societal job. Horowitz ( 19791 ) called them, societal scientists, as bookkeepers of the psyche. They collect teachings, proctor patterned advance, and evaluate consequences to suggest a surmisal that supports their research and probe. They do so in as non-partisan an attack as possible because the peculiarity of their statement is from their reasonable neutrality ( Stone 2001 ) and assumes the interlingual version of the job is right ( Ricoeur 200611-29 ) . This positive attack is reinforced by an operable codebook for making societal scientific crack contrive within a governmental context ( Horo witz 19796 ) .It has been observed during past legion aging ages that the consecutive enlargement of the radio communicating and printing imperativeness, rich person enabled the ubiquitous formation, defining, and distribution of information. As a consequence of such advancement, the aptitude for world-wide engagement in determination devising in political relations and around some other Fieldss has grown to an extraordinary degree, as has the chance for heightening the quality of life. Nowadays, the mod existence of vigorous communiqu & A Atilde lies before us and it has all been make likely by the ability, endowment, and devoted change by reversal of scientists and apply scientists. The key is to find and use such ability to reason the fate.Soon, we ar come ining in a pertly epoch of distributed intelligence in which information and cognition is available anyplace to any man-to-man at any clip. In this epoch, information, duty and power moved off from centralized c ontrol to the person. at bottom this position, scientists and utilise scientists play a drastic function. Our construction of zeal and instruction must therefore prep atomic number 18 future engine room and scientific discipline dutyals to shoulder lifting duties and pattern lifting chances. Engineers played a drastic function in utilise science field by enabling the Industrial Revolution and information age.Further more than, it is apparent that technical invention is the key to scotch growing and wealth creative activity in any state. Harmonizing to the study of National scientific discipline Boar and U.S. Council of Economic Advisors, technological revolution has boost up the stinting growing by one tierce over the past 50 old ages. Harmonizing to the celeb castd economic experts, Peter Drucker, wealth is an information make, a human activity that female genitalia capitulate both invention and productiveness . Knowledge maps to duties we already cognize how to make can hike efficiency, plot of ground cognition pattern to errands that are overbold and various is freshness, the procedure of crafting sunrise(prenominal) concerns and administer new services and merchandises to multitudes.The true energy of a state lies in its human capital, specially its engineering science labour force. Engineers develop new merchandises and procedure and trade and administer new dusts for accomplished fabrication, substructure, information direction, wellness attention bringing, com moveing machine communications, and others. In common, utilise scientists put all their cognition and experience to work for society and help the private firmament s latent to craft bank lines and wealth for the multitudes.To boom and shore up up richness, use scientists must show more than first rate scientific and proficient aptitude. In a increasingly more private-enterprise(a) universe, applied scientists aid us to do valuable and right determinations astir(predica te) puting immense sum of money, human resources and clip towards common ends. Engineers are the individual who knows how to execute right travails at right clip every mo good as knows the right undertakings to execute. For case, applied scientists are able to work in squads and posses good communicating accomplishments. Furthermore, they are resilient, adjustable and flexible. Engineers chiefly concentre on the busying a systems attack in their occupation to do correlativity within the model of political, economic, environmental, ethical, and international considerations. Another common illustration is insane asylum procedure as illustrated by Drucker, i.e. bring forthing and giving from new things wayward to efficiency which implies merely building bing things more proficiently.On the other manus, the ethyl ether of engineering science is mixing all cognition for some purpose. Engineers as societies superior planimeters must offer direction in the synchronised and syner gistic strain of invention and wealth formation. Furthermore, the applied scientist must be able to work across legion diverse Fieldss and subjects and do the associations that will escort to later(a) penetration, more advanced elucidation, and acquiring things completed. Presents, it is revealed that applied science pupils spend virtually of their profession managing with the challenge vastly diverse from those experienced by applied scientists in this new epoch. The rational capablenesss of the hereafter applied scientists will spread out vastly beyond the conventional scientific discipline focused preparation that has portrayed technology tutoring since Second World War. 634There are certain factors that contribute drastically to this new push, which include worldwide commercial shutdown which involves the technology employment and industrial organisation chances offered by intelligent plan normally known as eclectic which is continuously altering occupation environment nam ing for acute interpersonal accomplishments and lifting apprehension of the demand to put wellness, environment, and safety at the beginning of the design class. Engineers gained mathematical and scientific accomplishments which are considered compulsory for their occupation success.As most of the technology professionals are provide with the following capablenesss they can execute an outstanding occupation in policy devising for the major Fieldss of the state. These capablenesss are* Plan in order to eliminate into dependability, safety, and environmental, operational, cost and care aims.* Recognize merchandises i.e. goods or services.* To craft or explicate, eradicate and continued intricate systems.* Comprehend the physical physique and the industrial, political, economic, societal and international position within which technology is experienced.* Participate and grok the research procedure.* Possess the rational capablenesss needed for larning throughout the whole life.Techn ology is all approximately virtual(a) job work outing in the altering physical universe utilizing proficient, scientific and concern accomplishments. The realistic nature of technology signifies that technology expertness and advice is of important value in explicating a policy and present different countrywide undertakings. For case the desire for technology advice is funnily relevant in the field of mood change. The biggest trial presents to any authorities is explored for grounds for clime alteration alternatively of explore for resources to hedge its progress and palliating its consequence that is the issue of technology and engineering.Furthermore, crafting professional judgements about the feasibleness of any national undertaking is an built-in portion of the technology preparation. It is become clear that technology advice in policy devising can be a critical in many policy countries. political relation has consulted many applied scientists for different countries for pol icy devising like critical national substructure, Rescue operations, and Energy sectors. galore(postnominal) Government and research institute together with the joint coaction started new ventures to advance different invention and research of energy undertakings for case undertakings where technology is the bosom of the scheme of the Government for heading towards a C aboveboard economic system.Furthermore, in the recent few old ages, there is a turning support for applied scientist s function in policy devising by the Government every bit good as in private sectors. One of the premier grounds for the lifting demand is that most of the policy shapers are of the sentiment that Engineers possess necessary expertness and accomplishments in the development of natural resources to run into national mark and tests. Furthermore, most of the applied scientists are adept in direction of appraisal and hazard of the technological elucidation to trials like security of energy supply or clim e alteration which serves as a necessary portion of good and trenchant policy devising. Government is doing immense assignment of applied scientists in public sector to turn its economic system swimmingly. Such assignment would anyway travel a important manner to guarantee that technology is decent corresponded to Government and that the desires and parts of applied scientists are dealt with by Government in a strategic manner. roughly of the policy shapers are of the sentiment that applied scientists who are vanquish qualified should put finest pattern in technology advocate for the Government. Just like a Chief Scientific consultant is needed for the scientific discipline policy in a theatrical role of the Government, likewise technology expertness is needed to explicate a best possible technology policy.Furthermore, Government has besides recognized the significance of applied scientists in policy devising. Many policy shapers believed that suited gratitude should be pres umption to Engineering and Technology in the policy formulating process. The applied scientists has to execute versatile occupations in policy devising procedure as it must be guarantee that their advice has sufficient capacity existed to run into states need. Engineering is non limited to civil service as its capacity and range of work is far more than civil technology.Furthermore, it is recommended that Government needs to be a wise buy at for technology services and advice when it receives. This means that Government should engage such ply for policy devising procedure that understand and measure their best technology advice. Furthermore, such staff should lend with groundss and assess proficient grounds to assorted sectors. Evidence based policy in chief countries such as low C conveyance, energy supply and clime alteration. Such marks and ends in these countries are accomplishable merely if the input of the policy advisors peculiarly technology advises has a clear apprehensi on of the needed grounds of the given field. China is still a underdeveloped state and it fleetly building itself, factually, and applied scientists are extremely valued in such state. Furthermore, the advancement of Japan lies in a fact that it has conventionally a really strong technology base. It develop itself after the war through laid-back tech technology industries which consequences in a strong economic system of Japan. No uncertainty that bulk in the bing epoch has been enormously attracted towards pecuniary services but still both Government value applied scientists and gives them high topographic points to work in policy devising procedure.Engineers can play a drastic function in the recuperation of economic system through good policy devising. Engineering and economic recovery sounds two different Fieldss but is closely related with each other with a broader position. Professional applied scientist s occupations are non limited to planing and construction things that resolve practical issues in the echt universe. Engineering is a a lot broader term and the range of applied scientist is far more than civil service. Most of the major challenges of the state every bit good as the populace are handiness of energy at cheaper rate, security issues, clime alteration and H2O handiness are the cardinal issues that needs expertness of applied scientists to repair them. Government needs applied scientists to work closely that represent different subdivisions of technology. However, in wider position, technology community, with a collaborative association of more than 400,000 qualified professional people has late felt that they are to some extent undervalued by policy shapers and politicians voyaging the economic system. Some of the policy shapers yet revealed that technology advice in policy devising procedure are alone helpful in the station industrial economic system. They believed that the hereafter of the state economic system is predominately in s ervice industries peculiarly in technology industry and fiscal sector.A recent study of technology council revealed that they have found technology field as one of the greatest strength of the economic system and were delighted to happen out that applied scientists are immensely considered internationally more than their places.Furthermore, it is observed that the state failed to utilize its technology lineage to confront the economic challenges coming down line. Gradually the Government took drastic stairss to engage applied scientists in different sections of the Government machinery peculiarly in policy devising to hike up the economic system.MentionsHorowitz, Irving L. 1979 Constructing Policy Dialogues with Social Scientists in the National Political Arena. overbold York Praeger Publishers.Nanz, Patrizia and Jens Steffek 2004 Global Governance, partnership and the Public Sphere. Government and Opposition 39 ( 2 ) 314-335.Ricoeur, Paul 2007 Reflections on The Just. Chicago The University Chicago Press.Rock, Deborah 2001 Policy Paradox The Art of Political Decision-Making. New York W. W. Norton.

Global Chemical Industry

www. moodys. com pay bod methodological analysis Table of Contents thick to the highest degree the Rated Universe About This rank methodology The Key prize calculates Assumptions and Limitations and rate Consideproportionns That ar non C overed in the storage-battery control power system Conclusion Summary of the gridIndicated evaluation Outcomes concomitant A orbicular Chemcial effort methodological analysis gene Grid Appendix B methodology GridIndicated arranges Appendix C Observations and Outliers for Grid Mapping Appendix D chemic substance substance constancy over construe Appendix E Key pass judgment Issues over the In preconditi unmatchablediate Term 1 3 5 8 integrated pay celestial latitude 2009 dours orbicular world(prenominal) chemical Industry Summary This evaluation methodology exempts sorrys approach to quantifying cite take chances for global chemical companies. This document replaces a previous outcome from February 2006. T he control control power system for the physique methodology is substanti separately(prenominal)y unaltered from the 2006 publication, with minor updates to depict great clarity regarding covering of the grid. We as well deem provided a cle ber explanation of how evaluates in the chemical manufacturing be derived.This publication is intended to provide a reference tool that dejection be handling when evaluating credit visibilitys within the global chemical persistence, helping get byrs, investors, and oppo rate aro pulmonary tuberculosised merchandise participants understand how key qualitative and quantitative danger characteristics ar likely to affect military rank outcomes. This methodology does not implicate an exhaustive word of all operators that argon reflected in Moodys pass judgments but should modify the reader to understand the qualitative upsetations and fiscal ratios that argon most weighty for estimates in this empyrean.This report intromits a detailed evaluate grid and informative subprogramping of each(prenominal) rated connection in a symboliseative take in of companies once morest the factors in the grid. The purpose of the rating grid is to provide a reference tool that post be apply to jumpy credit profiles within the chemical industry vault of heaven. The grid provides summarized guidance for the factors that atomic number 18 in the main most big in distributeing ratings to chemical companies. The grid is a summary that does not include e actually rating esteem, and our exemplifying mapping engagements historical topics succession our ratings methodology in any grapheme considers forward- brassing medical prognosiss.As a result, the grid-indicated rating is not expected to match the unfeigned rating of each family. 17 18 19 20 21 26 27 Analyst Contacts New York 1. 212. 553. 1653 William Reed transgression chairperson -Senior cite ships officer John Rogers Senior Vice Presiden t James Wilkins Vice President -Senior Analyst Steven Wood Senior Vice President Tokyo 81. 35408. 4100 Noriko Kosaka Vice President -Senior Analyst Analyst Contacts continued on last varlet rating methodology Moodys orbiculate incorporate finance globose chemical substance IndustryThe grid contains five key factors that atomic number 18 outstanding in our assessments for ratings in the global chemical sector 1. cable visibility 2. coat & electrostaticness 3. Cost Position 4. supplement / pecuniary Policies 5. financial say-so Each of these factors also encompasses a number of sub-factors or poetic rhythm, which we explain in detail. Since an issuers scoring on a particular grid factor a unplayful deal leave alone not match its overall rating, in the Appendix we include a brief treatment of outliers companies whose grid-indicated rating for a specific factor differs remarkablely from the authentic(a) rating.This rating methodology is not intended to be an exh austive discussion of all factors that Moodys analysts consider in ratings in this sector. We note that our analysis for ratings in this sector covers factors that atomic number 18 common crossways all industries ( much(prenominal) as ownership, focusing, liquidness, legal mental synthesis in the corporate organization, and corporate governance) as well(p) as factors that dissolve be important on a phoner specific basis. Our ratings consider qualitative contexts and factors that do not lend themselves to a transp bent institution in a grid format.The grid represents a compromise amongst great complexity, which would result in grid-indicated ratings that map to a greater bound closely to actual ratings, and simplicity, which enhances a transp bent presentation of the factors that atomic number 18 most important for ratings in this sector most of the time. Beca mapping this methodology applies globally, it is necessarily general in or so respects and is not intended to be an exhaustive and country-specific discussion of all factors that Moodys analysts consider in every rating.Moodys rating approach considers country-specific differences and at the same time al milds for qualitative evaluation of these factors as well as other factors that cannot be easily presented in grid format. Highlights of this report include ? ? ? An over mint of our rated instauration. A description of the key factors that drive rating quality. Comments on the rating methodologys assumptions and limitations, including a discussion on other rating considerations that atomic number 18 not included in the grid.The Appendices utter the rating grid criteria on unitary page (Appendix A), tables that illustrate the application of the methodology grid to 20 representative rated chemical companies (Appendix B) with explanatory comments on just about of the more significant differences between the grid-implied rating and our actual rating (Appendix C), a brief industry over view (Appendix D), and a discussion of key rating issues for the chemical sector over the in depotediate term (Appendix E). 2 declination 2009 ? place methodology ? Moodys world ample Corporate pay globose chemical Industry pass judgment Methodology Moodys globular Corporate pay pla concludingary chemic Industry About the Rated Universe Moodys order 107 companies globally in the chemicals and allied industries. In the aggregate, these issuers sport approximately $230 zillion of rated debt. Our definition of the chemical industry includes a variety of related industries, such as ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? trade rock-steady organic and inorganic chemicals ? specialisation chemicals ? Plastics, resins and elastomers ? Fertilizers, agricultural chemicals and seeds ? industrial gases ? Architectural and industrial coatings ? Flavors and fragrances ? another(prenominal) food ingredients ? Pharmaceutical intermediates ?Organometallics ? Specialty materials produced from ref inery by- intersection focuss ? Specialty materials that atomic number 18 workd in conglomerates ? These companies develop and produce a encompassing variety of ingatherings including basic chemicals, specialty materials, and industrial gases. Products range from true commodities to super customized products phthisis in technically commanding applications. The rated universe is spread throughout the human being with the highest concentrations in the Americas (68), Europe (24) and Middle East/Asia (15). Companies range in coat from as orotund as $40 one million million million in tax revenues to as small as $100 one thousand million.Some whitethorn be multinational with legion(predicate) manufacturing locations around the globe, while others may operate a single mental quickness with domestic customers solo. The extremely volatilizable character of the industry as well as fairly high levels of air risk bump off it progressively difficult for all but a selec t few companies who are extremely life-sizing and diversified to achieve and maintain a Aa rating. orders of A3 or above are generally restrict to giantr companies or to smaller specialty companies that limited uncommon st strength in financial exertion and sexual relationly menial business risk.The Corporate Family place (CFR) or elder unsecured ratings of the covered issuers range from Aa2 to Caa2 with a concentration in the bleat, Ba and B rating categories. The median rating for chemical companies is Ba1. The vast legal age of companies 81 out of 107, approximately 76%, are in the utter (27), Ba (26), and B (28) range beca lend oneself of the cyclical nature of the industry and our view of the industrys moderate to high business risk. 3 celestial latitude 2009 ? range Methodology ? Moodys ball- underframed Corporate finance globose chemical Industry valuation Methodology Moodys international Corporate finance globose chemical substance Industry Exhibit 1 wo rld(a) chemic Rating Distribution 2009 and 2006 Chemical Industry Ratings Distribution 25 Number of Issuers 20 15 10 5 0 Aa2 Aa3 A1 A2 A3 let loose1 utter2 blate3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 Ratings 2009 107 com panies 2006 111 com panies B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3 Over the last ten old age, in Europe and in the US, a exploitation number of speculative grade names make water been added to the rated universe. This is attributable in part to incumbents youthful strategic efforts to focus on their core businesses by selling non-core assets as well as to a growing interest from private uprightness sponsors.For the purpose of this methodology we have identified 20 representative issuers out of the companies that we rate globally. These issuers represent twain investment grade and speculative grade issuers. The criteria theatrical roled to select the 20 focuse on the larger, in terms of revenues, well-known issuers. For this reason the proportion of investment grade to non-investment grade issu ers represented is higher than it is in the rated universe. 4 celestial latitude 2009 ? Rating Methodology ? Moodys world(a) Corporate pay global Chemical Industry Rating Methodology Moodys orbicular Corporate pay spheric Chemical Industry Exhibit 2 global Chemical Rating Methodology Representative Sample alliance Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Shin-Etsu Chemical beau monde Ltd BASF (SE) E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Kaneka companionship Teijin curb Bayer AG Akzo Nobel N. V. Potash throne of Saskatchewan Inc. Rating Aa3 A1 A2 A2 A3 A3 let loose1 let out1 utter1 let loose2 let loose2 let loose3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 Ba3 B1 B1 B1 B3 Outlook Stable Stable electro prejudicial Stable prohibit Stable Negative Stable Stable Stable Stable Negative Stable affirmative Stable Stable Stable Stable Positive NegativeApprox Debt millions $189 $21,347 $7,545 $293 $2,143 $20,215 $5,233 $3,082 $2,716 $1,441 $1,971 $23,073 $4,456 $3,390 $3,156 $1,217 $1,904 $4, 681 $423 $3,451 LG Chem, Ltd. Eastman Chemical Company Yara planetary ASA The Dow Chemical Company Braskem SA Celanese heap Nalco Company ISP Chemco LLC NOVA Chemicals Company Huntsman fraternity PolyOne Corp Hexion Specialty Chemicals Inc. About This Rating Methodology This report explains the rating methodology for chemical companies in sestet sections, which are summarized as follows 1.Identification of Key Rating doers The grid in this rating methodology focuses on five key rating factors. These five commodious factors are further broken down into eleven sub-factors that are as weighted. 5 December 2009 ? Rating Methodology ? Moodys world(a) Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Rating Methodology Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry part burthening Sub- factor Weighting Rating component relevant Sub-factor Operational Diversity Product Diversity geographicalalal Diversity component 1 Business write 9. 09%Commodity/Specialty Market Shares cranky Material Access organisation Impact Revenues 9. 09% 9. 09% 9. 09% 9. 09% 9. 09% 9. 09% 9. 09% 9. 09% 9. 09% 9. 09% Factor 2 surface & perceptual constancy 27. 27% Divisions of concern Size perceptual constancy of EBITDA Factor 3 Cost Position 18. 18% EBITDA allowance account (5 yr Avg. ) ROA EBIT / Avg. Assets (5 yr Avg. ) Factor 4 Leverage / monetary Policies 18. 18% Current Debt / capital letter* Debt / EBITDA (5 yr Avg. )* EBITDA/ by-line Expense Factor 5 Financial Strength 27. 27% kept up(p) upper-case letter menstruum/Debt (5 yr Avg. )* Free notes run away (FCF) /Debt (5 yr Avg. * *Where appropriate wampum adjusted debt may be used (see discussion of Cash Balances and plunder Debt Considerations) 2. Measurement of the Key Rating Factors We explain below how the sub-factors for each factor are calculated. We also explain the principle for using specific rating metric functions, and the ways in which we apply them during the rating act upon. Much of th e entropy used in assessing jacket punishment for the sub-factors is found in or calculated using the communitys financial statements others are derived from observations or stimates by Moodys analysts. Moodys ratings are forward-looking and incorporate our expectations of forthcoming financial and operating(a) writ of execution. We use both historical and projected financial results in the methodology and the rating process. diachronic results help us to understand patterns and trends for a companys mental process as well as for peer analogy. While the rating process includes both historical and anticipated results, this document makes use of historical info only to illustrate the application of the rating methodology.Specifically, un slight otherwise utter, the mapping examples in this report use reported financials for the last three audited fiscal historic period. each of the quantitative credit prosody incorporate Moodys criterion adjustments to income statement , gold attend statement and balance cruise amounts for, among others, off-balance sheet accounts, due securitization programs, under- computer storageed grant obligations, and repeat operating leases. Note For definitions of Moodys most common ratio terms please see Moodys Basic Definitions for Credit Statistics, Users Guide which can be found at www. oodys. com in the Research and Ratings directory, in the Special Reports subdirectory (07 June 2007, document 78480/SP4467). 3. Mapping Factors to the Rating Categories After identifying the posterments for each factor, the emf outcomes for each of the 11 sub-factors are mapped to a enough(a) Moodys rating kinfolk. (abdominal aortic aneurysm, Aa, A, let out, Ba, B, Caa, Ca). 6 December 2009 ? Rating Methodology ? Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Rating Methodology Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry 4.Mapping Issuers to the Grid and discourse of Grid Outliers In this section ( Appendix C) we provide tables showing how each company maps to grid-indicated ratings for each rating sub-factor and factor. The weighted average of the sub-factor ratings produces a grid-indicated rating for each factor. We highlight companies whose grid-indicated performance on a specific sub-factor is ii or more broad rating categories higher or visit than its actual rating and discuss general reasons for such positive outliers and electro prejudicial outliers for a particular factor or sub-factor. . Assumptions and Limitations and Rating Considerations That are not include in the Grid This section discusses limitations in the use of the grid to map against actual ratings, additional factors that are not included in the grid that can be important in determining ratings, and limitations and key assumptions that denote to the overall rating methodology. 6. Determining the Overall Grid-Indicated Rating To determine the overall rating, we convert each of the 11 factor ratings into a numeric appraise found upon the scale below.Aaa 6 Aa 5 A 4 let loose 3 Ba 2 B 1 Caa 0 Ca -1 The numerical patsy for each factor is weighted equally with the results because summed, and divided by 11, to produce a congeries factor take a leak. The add up factor score is then mapped back to an alphanumeric rating found on the ranges in the table below. Grid-Indicated Rating Aaa Aa1 Aa2 Aa3 A1 A2 A3 bleat1 utter2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3 Ca thorough Factor Score X ? 5. 50 5. 17 ? X 5. 50 4. 83 ? X 5. 17 4. 50 ? X 4. 83 4. 17 ? X 4. 50 3. 83 ? X 4. 17 3. 0 ? X 3. 83 3. 17 ? X 3. 50 2. 83 ? X 3. 17 2. 50 ? X 2. 83 2. 17 ? X 2. 50 1. 83 ? X 2. 17 1. 50 ? X 1. 83 1. 17 ? X 1. 5 0. 83 ? X 1. 17 0. 50 ? X 0. 83 0. 33 ? X 0. 50 0. 17 ? X 0. 33 0. 0 ? X 0. 17 x 0. 0 7 December 2009 ? Rating Methodology ? Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Rating Methodology Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry For exam ple, an issuer with a composite weighted factor score of 1. 5 would have a Ba2 grid-indicated rating. We used a similar procedure to derive the grid-indicating ratings in the tables embedded in the discussion of each of the five broad rating factors. The Key Rating Factors Moodys analysis of chemical companies focuses on five broad factors ? ? ? ? ? Business visibleness Size & Stability Cost Position Leverage / Financial Policies Financial Strength Factor 1 Business indite (9. 09% weight) why It Matters Business Profile is an important indicator of credit quality.The chemical team at Moodys looks at seven factors and aggregates them into a single score which is then mapped to a specific rating. The first three factors focus on diversity. Diversity, whether it be operational, product, or geographic, is a key component of business mental attitude that, can help mitigate the unpredictability in financial performance characteristic of the chemical sector. 1. Operational Diversity S ingle site locations, as an indicator of operational diversity, can expose a company to the look of unanticipated down time.We note that this factor is extremely important. Where a company operates a single site, the risk of that single site failing is deemed to have such a catastrophic equal on the business beat that even the prospect of site insurance or business spread insurance will not provide sufficient mitigation against the potential effects of a stock certificateamental failure of the site. 2. respective(a) Product Lines Diverse product lines can help stem volatility in hard currency flows to the extent that contrastive products can have varied determine dynamics. 3. Geographic DiversityGeographic diversity can also be beneficial as a company with multiple plant sites can still be negatively alter by both economic and weather related events. 4. Commodity Versus Value Added Products In the chemical sector commodity players are typically more vaporific in terms of immediate payment flow multiplication whereas the value added producers practically produce more enduring silver flows. At times, todays value added producers can become more commodity-like in their funds flow generating capabilities, so we will carefully assess where a product or group of products may be in its life pedal. 5.Market Share or Unique Competitive Advantage Large market bundle offers a sustainable business position with the proven ability to weather the volatile market conditions in the chemical cycle. In approximately instances companies with large market shares will adjust their production volumes to help balance the supply and posit dynamics in the markets served as a means to stabilize product pricing. Market share that is protected by patent and unique licensing restrictions can also be a fortified, positive contributor to stable exchange flows and performance. 8 December 2009 ? Rating Methodology ?Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Indu stry Rating Methodology Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry 6. Exposure to Volatile Raw Materials Raw material mental pictures greater than 33% in terms of be of goods sold, for example, can often result in dramatic swings in currency flow. This is specially true in times of supply/demand imbalances, which can create shortages in sensible materials and exaggerate sensible material legal injury movements. Companies with the ability and foresight to settle their production facilities in areas of the world where they can benefit from massive term fixed riced raw materials have a distinct advantage over companies that are caseful to the vagaries of the raw material spot markets. 7. Impact of Government Regulation The final factor we assess is the positive or negative impact of judicature mandate. This factor addresses the positive or negative post that government regulation or policy may have on an individual company or sector of the chemical industry. For many companies, the impact of government regulation may be neutral. For some sectors, such as the ethanol sector in the U. S. the very existence of the sector is a function of government legislated policy. In still other instances, the government has seek to ban the use of genuine products such as MTBE in some markets. This factor is also extremely important and we will, as explained below, overweight it when assessing companies for whom government regulations/mandates are, essentially, the sole driver for the business model. How We Measure it for the Grid The 7 Business Profile criteria are merged into an assessment score, as follows Business Profile legal opinion Score This score is made up of seven criteria.To each we assign a discrete numerical value. The values across the criteria range from (-2) to 2 with many coming in at 0 or 1. Moodys analysts may use a modifier of 0. 5 across the seven criteria to refine the score relative to other companies in the industry. The se values are totaled into a score which is then mapped to a rating category in the following manner Aaa Aa A Baa Ba B Caa Ca = = = = = = = = 6. 0 4. 5 to 6. 0 3. 5 to 4. 5 2. 5 to 3. 5 1. 5 to 2. 5 0. 5 to 1. 5 0. 5 to 0. 5 0. 5 ?Operational diversity We count the number of discrete operating plants that have a globally agonistical scale. A (-2) is appoint for 1 or 2 plants, a 0 is assign for 2 8 plants and a 1 is designate if thither are greater than 8 large manufacturing locations. This is one of three factors with a negative score presumption the impressiveness we assign to operational diversity. A sole site simply leaves the company with too many eggs in one basket. Product diversity We assign a 0 if a legal age of hard interchange flow is feedd from 1-2 key product lines and a 1 if a company relies on 3 or more product lines or product categories.Geographic diversity We assign a 0 if a volume of the production assets are primarily in a single geo graphic region and assign a 1 if production assets are in multiple regions Commodity versus value added products We assign a 0 if a majority of sales are primarily commodity products and assign a 1 if we view products as adding distinct unique additional value. numeric factors such as stability of EBITDA and EBITDA margins are used later as another component in the touchstone of this important factor. ? ? ? 9 December 2009 ? Rating Methodology ? Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical IndustryRating Methodology Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry ? Market share We assign a 0 if a market share is inconsequential relative to the next three largest competitors and assign a 1 if a sector or company has large share or few real competitors. We would assign a 2 if the company has a unique competitive advantage (patents, know-how, etc. ) that could stamp down competition significantly. Market share assessments are driven by the definition of the markets se rved. Definitions should be wide enough to represent legitimate alternative products.Raw material access We assign a (-1) or (-2) if we estimate exposure to volatile raw material represents at greater than 33% of costs of goods sold. We assign a 0 if exposure to volatile raw materials costs is from 10% to 33% of costs of good sold. We assign a 1 if the exposure to raw materials is less than 10% and a 2 if the company has a material, demonstrable, long-lived feedstock advantage. Given the grandeur of raw material inputs to ultimate hard silver flows this metric is vitally important. It is one of three metrics with a possible negative value. Given the greatness of this metric, the value can go as high as 2.Impact of governmental regulations or policies For companies subject to significant government regulations or sensitive to changes in government policies, we assign a score reflecting the positive or negative impact of these regulations/policies on the companies long term fin ancial performance. Most of the companies in this industry will score a 0. Ethanol producers in the US would be assigned a (-1) because of their reliance on government regulation to create demand for the product. Companies that would be positively affected over the long term by government regulations could be assigned a 1. ? The importance of the business profile score is highlighted by the fact that, in certain cases, it can outweigh all other factors in the methodology, materially forbidding ratings. The dickens most prominent examples are operations limited to a single site and a business model whose success is passing or solely dependent on government actions or policies. Factor 1 Business Profile (9. 09%) Weight a) Business Position sagaciousness 9. 09% Aaa ? 6. 0 Aa 4. 5 6. 0 A 3. 5 4. 5 Baa 2. 5 3. 5 Ba 1. 5 2. 5 B 0. 5 1. 5 Caa 0. 5 0. 5 Ca 0. 5A chart that illustrates grid mapping results for Factor 1 and a discussion of outliers for companies in the try on is included in Appendix C. Factor 2 Size & Stability (27. 27% weight) Why It Matters This factor includes discrete quantitative measures that flack to measure size, diversity and the stability of a business model. Large revenues combined with large instalments as well as a long history of stable performance suggest sustainable business positions that have been and will be able to demonstrably weather the vagaries of with child(p) and economic cycles. SizeSize can suggest the ability to benefit from a good deal needed economies of scale both in production and access to raw materials on a preferred basis. In addition, size suggests the ability to service large customers globally an important designate as many customers step up efforts to reduce the number of their suppliers. Size also tends to favor the companies that sovereigns, government related entities, and other large companies bring as their joint venture partners or technology suppliers of chemicals that add important val ue added properties to customers products. Number of DivisionsThe presence of multiple large divisions typically signals a balanced diversified product portfolio and, by extension, more stable hard currency flows. Companies with high product concentration may edge more volatile capital flows and may be more open to one time events that can be damaging to credit quality. duplex divisions also provide for discrete assets that can be sold as necessary to provide alternate liquidity. Larger companies 10 December 2009 ? Rating Methodology ? Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Rating Methodology Moodys Global Corporate FinanceGlobal Chemical Industry with many divisions can, for example, sell weaker performing or non-core segments, with the sale proceeds providing funding for debt reduction or growth in other segments. Stability of Business Model (Stability of EBITDA) Given the diversity of this industry, we attempt to gauge the likely level of volatility in ear nings and cash flow. Companies with elevated levels of volatility in earnings and cash flow will require go against liquidity and more robust financial metrics, on average, to compensate for uncertainty over the magnitude and duration of potential downswings.We break up the volatility of EBITDA over a long period of time (7-10 years, when the teaching is available) to get an estimation of the expected volatility of the company relative to its peers in the industry. While there are many problems associated with the use of EBITDA as a measure of either profitability or cash flow, EBITDA is typically less affected by extraordinary items, fluctuations in working capital, and capital expending on newfound readiness than other measures of cash flow. It also allows us to remove the potential impact from differences in capital intensity across the industry.To the extent that a companys EBITDA may contain unusual items, or items that we judge to be one-time, the reported training ma y be adjusted to make wear the quality of the analysis and hence get a better view of the true volatility of the company relative to its peers in the industry. When companies have holy a transformational acquisition or divestiture, or if seven years of data is otherwise unavailable, we estimate this metric found on a comparison to other rated companies and attempt to adjust for differences in product or geographic mix, as well as the impact of feedstock advantages or disadvantages.A transforming transaction is typically defined as the acquisition or divestiture of assets that comprise more that 1/3 of the pre-transaction EBITDA. While we measure the prehistorical 7-10 years of data, we would emphasize that our ratings are a forward view informed by historical volatility. To the extent we look at that future performance might deviate from historical patterns, we will modify this factor. How We Measure it for the Grid Size Measured by Revenues We use the most recent annual reven ues or latest 12 calendar month reported revenues.The current years revenues obviously can be either unpretentious or overstated subject to where the company is in the commodity price cycle. While the commodity price cycle may be distinct for various companies, this metric measures all companies, by and large, at the same point in the economic cycle. For companies whose revenues are on the border between both ratings categories, the analyst would consider the point in the commodity price cycle at which the measurement is taken and the estimate of future revenues. Divisions with Revenues of refer sexual relation SizeThis factor can be stickd from financial statements. We use the segment teaching found in the most recent quarterly report on a latest four quarter basis. We are attempting again to capture both diversity as well as scale. The analyst may adjust segment revenues manually to adjust for non-ordinary items or non-public segment information provided by management. For co mpanies whose divisional revenues are volatile and subject to cycles, the analyst would again consider the point in the pricing cycle at which the measurement is taken.Our focus is to measure diversity of revenue streams. For a company with $1 billion in revenues if all revenues come from a sole division/product it would map to a B. If there were four discrete divisions with $250 million in revenues each (essentially equal in size) it would map to a Baa. For a company with $10 billion in revenues with four discrete divisions/products, if ii divisions had $3 billion in revenues each and 2 divisions had $2 billion in revenues each it would still be judged to be relatively various and equate to a Baa. 1 December 2009 ? Rating Methodology ? Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Rating Methodology Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Stability of EBITDA This factor is measured by the averageized ensample actus reus of the companys EBITDA as indomitable by a to the lowest degree squares regression on seven to ten years of data. We utilize standard illusion quite than standard deviation as it is much better at dissimilariating between commodity and specialty chemical companies.Standard deviation is a static measure that cannot clearly differentiate between a stable company growing over time and a commodity company whose volatility is induced by changes in its cash margins. Standard error is a statistical measure of the difference between the companys actual performance versus a theoretical line drawn through the data (hence normal growth in EBITDA over 7-10 years should not have a negative impact on this metric). The normalized standard error is obtained by dividing the standard error obtained from a li full regression by the average EBITDA over the period analyzed.This allows us to compare the standard error of large companies to much smaller companies This measurement is designed to capture dickens types of stabi lity For smaller companies The stability of business or businesses relative to other companies in the industry. The out-and-out(a) size of a company is not considered. For larger companies A very large or diverse commodity company may exhibit more stability based on the number of businesses in its portfolio, especially if the earnings of their individual businesses are not correlated (i. e. , all businesses dont go into a downturn or upturn at the same time).In statistical terms, if the covariance of the companys businesses is low, the companys performance should be more stable although it may be an inherently cyclical commodity chemical business. Companies with a normalized standardized error above 40% (which maps to the Caa category) are most common for companies with very low or negative EBITDA at the bottom of a downturn. Factor 2 Size & Stability (27. 27%) Weight a) Revenue (Billions of US$) b) of Divisions of Equal Size c) Stability of EBITDA 9. 09% 9. 09% 9. 09% Aaa ? $50 8 2% Aa $20 $50 6 to 7 2% 6% A $10 $20 5 6% 12%Baa $5 $10 4 12% 20% Ba $1 $5 2 or 3 20% 30% B $. 2 $1 1 or 2 30% 40% Caa $. 1 $. 2 1 40% 60% Ca $. 1 0. 5 ? 60. 0% A chart that illustrates grid mapping results for Factor 2 and a discussion of outliers for companies in the sample is included in Appendix C. Factor 3 Cost Position (18. 18% weight) Why It Matters Relative cost position is a critical success factor for a chemical company because, in a downturn, (either cyclical or economic) prices often diminution to the point where only companies with first and second quartile cash costs generate meaningful cash flow.Operating cost positions are a function of criteria that include size, access to low cost raw material inputs, location of assets, bear on rates, and capital invested. Further, with low levels of financial leverage, low cost producers are typically better positioned to outperform competitors. Low cost producers, with low leverage, are better able to survive in a downturn and are also better positioned to grow when opportunities arise. A companys cash costs and its position on the industry cost curve, as well as the overall shape of the industry cost curve, are all valuable information.However, true cash cost curve data, while useful, is often proprietary or may be the property of various consultants and difficult to verify. 12 December 2009 ? Rating Methodology ? Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Rating Methodology Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Comparisons across the wide variety of commodity and specialty chemical companies make it difficult to blaspheme on relative or absolute costs for rank companies. We use two measures in addition to information provided by companies to assess cost positions ? ?EBITDA Margin Return on Average Assets How We Measure it for the Grid EBITDA Margin This factor is used in part to gauge the quality of the pricing power a company has and is likely to ach ieve. It is measured using EBITDA, which includes recurring other income and excludes non-recurring other income and one time charges. This factor, along with several others, is an important measure of a companys profitability in multiple economic scenarios. We use the past three years actual results along with our expectation for the next two years, and to consider the average as well as the high and low points.For illustrative purposes the measurement used in the company examples herein is based on an average of the past three years EBITDA margin. The choice of EBITDA, versus EBIT, is driven in part by the many and varied depreciation polices used globally and the need for comparability between regions. Nonetheless, we recognize the weaknesses of EBITDA, discussed below, and analysts within regions will also evaluate EBIT margins as well. Another reason for the use of EBITDA is the aterial difference in capital intensity within sub-sectors of the chemical industry. The capital int ensity of a large commodity company can be very different from a smaller specialty player. The use of EBITDA as contend to EBIT has a disadvantage in that EBITDA fails to address the capital intensity of the chemical industry effectively. Clearly an important indicator of a companys ability to generate operating profit should be assessed after the costs of plant maintenance and capacity expansion, as represented by its annual depreciation charges.Experience indicates that while a chemical companys capital consumption often swings with major projects, it will generally need to spend its depreciation over time as it maintains and develops new facilities. We attempt to capture the effect of this capital intensity in our use of throw overboard cash flow metrics in the financial potency rating factor discussion. Return on Average Assets This is a strong measure of a companys ability to generate a consistent and meaningful progeny from its asset base. This metric specifically takes into account the capital intensifier nature of the industry.This is also a five-year average measurement using the past three years of actual results along with our expectation for the next two years. We use total assets, less cash and short term investments rather than tangible assets to provide a more meaningful measure for the universe of speculative grade companies. Factor 3 Cost Position (18. 18%) Weight a) EBITDA Margin b) ROA EBIT / Assets 9. 09% 9. 09% Aaa ? 30% ? 25% Aa 20% 30% 15% 25% A 15% 20% 10% 15% Baa 10% 15% 7% 10% Ba 8% 10% 4% 7% B 4% 8% 2% 4% Caa 1% 4% 0. 5% 2% Ca 1% 0. 5%A chart that illustrates grid mapping results for Factor 3 and a discussion of outliers for companies in the sample is included in Appendix C. 13 December 2009 ? Rating Methodology ? Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Rating Methodology Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Factor 4 Leverage / Financial Policies (18. 18% weight) Why It Mat ters Managements willingness to enhance shareholder value via debt financed acquisitions and/or share repurchases, is likely to maturation credit risk. The chemical industry is especially vulnerable given its volatile nature.We learn about financial policies through a discussion with management that includes hypothetical scenarios. Such meetings often examine managements willingness to stretch its balance sheet and/or financial flexibleness. The hypothetical situations often relate to acquisitions or share repurchase appetites. Concerning acquisitions, discussions often focus on size and on the gang of debt and/or lawfulness that will be used to fund a growth initiative. Another key concern is managements approach to managing financial flexibility through a range of cycles.Specifically we look for an approach that emphasizes preparedness for tend times such that strong cash flows, when available, are used to reduce debt. Measurement of leverage and financial policies is based on two different estimates of leverage current debt to capitalization, and debt to EBITDA. We believe that the amount of leverage with which management operates is a choice and a direct result of a companys financial strategy. Issuers, particularly those in the investment grade and high Ba rating categories, often actively manage to these ratios.Certainly these ratios, especially debt to EBITDA, are used by providers of capital in the form of specific covenant tests. Debt to capital is a unprejudiced way to compare the capital structure of companies operating within an industry, and managements often claim to manage to it. This metric is also a way to assess managements willingness to grow via debt financed acquisitions. The debt to EBITDA ratio is a measure that balances the debt to capitalization ratio with a measurement of a companys ability to generate EBITDA both in times of peak pricing and in times of stress.We believe these two metrics provide insight into the companys financ ial policies, including its tolerance for debt and the ability of the company to take out the highs and low of a cycle. How We Measure it for the Grid Debt to Capital This factor can be easily captured from financial statements using the most recent annual or quarterly debt and equity balances (incorporating our standard adjustments). There are certainly situations where this metric becomes less useful particularly in the case of LBOs or spinouts wherein book equity is low or nonexistent. In these instances this metric could be given reduced weight.In the event that a companys book equity is extremely low and the stock is in public traded, the analyst may use the market capital of the company in place of book equity in this ratio. While market capital has its own weaknesses and can be very volatile, this approach can be of some value. Debt to EBITDA For this measure we use a five-year average of the annual debt and EBITDA balances as shown on the financial statements. We look bac k three years and use estimates to make assumptions for two years going forward. Factor 4 Leverage / Financial Policies (18. 18%) * Weight a) Current Debt / Capital b) Debt / EBITDA 9. 09% 9. 09% Aaa lt 15% . 5x Aa 15% 25% . 5x 1. 5x A 25% 35% 1. 5x 2. 25x Baa 35% 50% 2. 25x 3x Ba 50% 70% 3x 4x B 70% 80% 4x 6x Caa 80% 95% 6x 8x Ca ? 95% ? 8x * Where appropriate net adjusted debt may be used (see discussion of Cash Balances and Net Debt Considerations) 14 December 2009 ? Rating Methodology ? Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Rating Methodology Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry A chart that illustrates grid mapping results for Factor 4 and a discussion of outliers for companies in the sample is included in Appendix C. Factor 5 Financial Strength (27. 7% weight) Why It Matters The three key indicators of financial lastingness are 1) Interest Coverage, 2) Retained Cash move to Debt, and 3) Free Cash Flow to Debt. All of these metrics are averaged over five-year periods to address the volatile nature of the industry. Interest coverage Interest coverage can be particularly meaningful for speculative grade companies. This is especially true if the interest rate environment is in a period of change such as the migration from lower rates to higher rates and an issuer is facing the need to finance debt that is nearing maturity. It is a less important metric for higher-rated companies.The remaining two metrics are useful across the rating spectrum and relate to the amount of cash flow available to cover varied scenarios of both operating involve and financing needs. ? ? Operating needs include major items such as working capital and capital spending. Financing needs refers to the impact of dividends and the cease cash then available to service debt. As discussed above, the use of EBITDA (as opposed to EBIT) in the interest coverage ratio is important for companies in the chemical industry and the decision to use it is a function of the need to make the ratio more comparable globally.Retained Cash Flow and Free Cash Flow The cash flow metrics we use measure two different levels of cash flow retained cash flow and free cash flow and their ratio to total adjusted debt. Retained cash flow is a broader measure of financial flexibility than free cash flow as it excludes the potential noise created by changes in working capital and unusual capital spending programs. This is a helpful measure given the volatility and the variation in capital intensity within the chemical sector.As with other factors in which debt is involved we can look at these cash flow metrics in two ways as a percentage of both debt and of net debt (net of cash balances). We use net debt for companies at which it is either a stated, long-lived policy to hold material cash balances or for which there may be unique scenarios such as recent asset sales whereby cash may be earmarked for use in debt reduction efforts. In so me specific instances we may use a net debt denominator for the free cash flow metric as well. A more detailed discussion of our views on cash balances appears below.Free cash flow is, in many instances, one of the most important and original measures of financial strength and flexibility. This metric reflects a companys primary source of liquidity as it directly speaks to managements ability to service its debt burden after considering both its operating and financial commitments to shareholders. In this metric we often identify where capital spending programs may be extraordinarily large and/or risky. At times, programs can have a direct impact on ratings because of the size of expenditure that may be involved as well as the risks of executing the program on time and on budget.If, for example, a large amount of capital is spent on new greenfield capacity and we believe that such capacity is being added at a time when product prices are low (i. e. , there is a lack of an satisfac tory return on capital) the ratings may be negatively affected. There is also the risk that anticipated operating cash cost benefits upon project completion are different than expected. 15 December 2009 ? Rating Methodology ? Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Rating Methodology Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry How We Measure it for the GridInterest coverage This metric is a univocal look at EBITDA (adjusted for non-recurring other income and one-time charges) to gross interest expense (including capitalized interest). This is a five-year measure. Cash Flow to Debt ? Retained Cash Flow to Debt Defined as funds from operations (FFO) minus dividends, as a percentage of total debt. This is a five-year measure. Free Cash Flow to Debt Defined as cash flow from operations (by its nature operating cash flow is determined after taking into account working capital) minus capital spending and dividends, as a percentage of total debt.This is a five-year measure. ? Cash Balances and Net Debt Considerations Typically, analysts approach the use of cash balances and the use of cash in net debt calculations in a conservative fashion. As a general command we would not typically consider cash on the balance sheet as a true offset to adjusted total debt in for the purpose of ratio analysis. Reasons that we would not look at cash on the balance sheet as fungible for the debt include concern that ? the cash is easily used for other purposes and debt reduction is only counted hen debt is permanently reduced in some instances cash is actually needed to fund the day-to-day operations of the issuer the cash is stranded overseas and subject to material taxes such that the true cash balance is materially lower than represented in the financial statements there may be other claims on the cash for restructuring efforts or legacy liabilities. ? ? ? There are, however, examples where our analysis for chemical companies incorporates cash bal ances as providing a measure of offset to adjusted total debt balances. Exceptions to the above analytical approach, for which we give credit for cash balances include ? he specific refunding of near term debt maturities wherein management borrows in advance to prefund a near term maturity. cash is held temporarily for legal, tax or other purposes and the company has publicly stated its intention to reduce debt once the temporary period has ended. ? Other instances, typically only for large companies, include situations in which management has a history of maintaining material levels of cash on the balance sheet, it has publicly stated its intention not to pursue largedebt financed acquisitions or share repurchases, and cash is come-at-able without meaningful loss to taxes.In Europe and Latin America, we also generally find oneself that companies are more willing to maintain higher cash balances that may sometimes be linked to tax considerations or more slackly reflect a more con servative style of financial policies. Considering only gross debt may not reflect the real financial strength of these companies and we may prefer in this case to focus on net debt. In these cases, however, we capture the expectation that these cash balances can be liquidated at least at book value and without tax costs.Factor 5 Financial Strength (27. 27%) * Weight a) EBITDA / Interest Expense b) Retained Cash Flow / Debt c) Free Cash Flow / Debt 9. 09% 9. 09% 9. 09% Aaa ? 20x ? 65% ? 40% Aa 15x 20x 45% 65% 25% 40% A 10x 15x 30% 45% 15% 25% Baa 5x 10x 20% 30% 8% 15% Ba 2x 5x 10% 20% 4% 8% B 1x 2x 5% 10% . 5% 4% Caa 0. 5x 1x 1% 5% 0% . 5% Ca 0. 5x 1% 0% * Where appropriate net adjusted debt may be used (see discussion Cash Balances and Net Debt Considerations) 16 December 2009 ? Rating Methodology ?Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Rating Methodology Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry A chart that illustrates grid m apping results for Factor 5 and a discussion of outliers for companies in the sample is included in Appendix C. Assumptions, Limitations and Rating Considerations not Covered in the Grid The rating methodology grid incorporates a trade-off between simplicity that enhances transparency and greater complexity that would enable the grid to map more closely to actual ratings.The five rating factors in the grid do not constitute an exhaustive treatment of all of the considerations that are important for ratings of global chemical companies. In choosing metrics for this rating methodology grid, we did not include certain important factors that are common to all companies in any industry, such as the quality and experience of management, assessments of corporate governance and the quality of financial reporting and information disclosure.The assessment of these factors can be highly subjective and ranking them by rating category in a grid would, in some cases, suggest too much precision in the relative ranking of particular issuers against all other issuers that are rated in various industry sectors. Ratings may include additional factors that are difficult to quantify or that only have a meaningful effect in differentiating credit quality in some cases. Such factors include regulatory and litigation risk as well as changes in end use demand such that todays specialty chemical becomes tomorrows commodity.While these are important considerations, it is not possible to precisely express these in the rating methodology grid without making the grid as well complex and less transparent. Ratings may also reflect circumstances in which the weighting of a particular factor or qualitative issue will be different from the weighting or outcome suggested by the grid. For example, the importance of the business profile score is highlighted by the fact that, in certain cases, it can outweigh all other factors in the methodology materially, lowering ratings significantly. The thre e most prominent examples are ? ? operations limited to a single site, and a business model whose success is highly dependent on government actions or policies. a company with significant litigation related to either environmental or product financial obligation issues. This variation in weighting as a rating consideration can also apply to factors that we chose not to attempt to represent in the grid. For example, liquidity is a rating consideration that can sometimes be critical to ratings and under other circumstances may not have a substantial impact in discriminating between two issuers with a similar credit profile.Ratings can be heavily affected by extremely weak liquidity that magnifies default risk. However, two monovular companies might be rated the same if their only differentiating feature is that one has a good liquidity position while the other has an extremely good liquidity position. This illustrates some of the limitations for using grid-indicated ratings to predi ct rating outcomes. Another consideration is the increase in pension underfunding that occurred at the end of 2008 as a result of large declines in the global equity markets.Increased pension fund liability is unlikely to be the sole driver of ratings downgrades where issuers have adequate liquidity, sufficient resources to alleviate their funding deficiency over time and financial metric compression is modest for their rating category and the metric contraction is expected to only temporarily deviate. In evaluating the impact of an issuers pension liability on ratings, the analyst will consider the magnitude of the shortfall, the ability of the company to reduce the shortfall over time using innate sources and committed external sources of capital, and the plans for doing so.Issuers with higher ratings are likely to avoid a downgrade solely resulting from the increased pension liability if there is a clearly articulated plan for reducing the liability and we believe there are res ources available to meet the plan without putting the core business and financial profile at risk. Issuers with speculative grade ratings and those at the lower end of investment grade rating levels are at greater risk of ratings transition because of higher potential exposure to liquidity issues and weaker sensed capability of eradicating the funding liability without weakening the companys financial or business position. 7 December 2009 ? Rating Methodology ? Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Rating Methodology Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry In addition, our ratings incorporate expectations for future performance, while the financial information that is used to illustrate the mapping in the grid is historical in practice we look at a crew of prior years and future years usually three years of history and two years looking forward. In some cases, our expectations for future performance may be informed by confidential information t hat we cannot publish.In other cases, we estimate future results based upon past performance, industry trends, demand and price outlook, competitor actions and other factors. In either case, predicting the future is subject to the risk of substantial inaccuracy. Assumptions that can cause our forward looking expectations to be incorrect include unanticipated changes in any of the following the macroeconomic environment and general financial market conditions, industry competition, new technology, regulatory actions, and changes in environmental regulation. Conclusion Summary of the Grid-Indicated Rating OutcomesThe methodology grid-indicated ratings based on last twelve month financial data as of the quarter end closest to September, 30, 2009 map to current assigned ratings as follows (see Appendix B for the details) ? ? 8 companies map to their assigned rating 10 companies have a grid-indicated rating that is one or two alpha-numeric notches from the assigned rating 2 companies hav e a grid-indicated rating that is three notches from their assigned rating ? Overall, the framework indicates that there are an even number of companies whose grid-indicated rating is below their actual rating (6) than above their actual rating (6).This can be attributed to a variety of factors including (a) willingness to look through periods of stronger or weaker body process where appropriate (b) grid metrics do not capture our expectation of lower raw material costs and their benefit to margins and (c) liquidity concerns such as generating cash from working capital in a downturn are not fully captured by the grid. 18 December 2009 ? Rating Methodology ? Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Rating Methodology Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical IndustryAppendix A Global Chemical Industry Methodology Factor Grid Weight Factor 1 Business Profile a) Business Position Assessment Factor 2 Size & Stability a) Revenue (Billions of US$) b) of Divisions of Equal Size c) Stability of EBITDA Factor 3 Cost Position a) EBITDA Margin b) ROA EBIT / Assets Factor 4 Leverage / Financial Policies * a) Current Debt / Capital b) Debt / EBITDA Factor 5 Financial Strength * a) EBITDA / Interest Expense b) Retained Cash Flow / Debt c) Free Cash Flow / Debt 9. 09% 9. 09% 27. 28% 9. 09% 9. 09% 9. 09% 18. 19% 9. 09% 9. 09% 18. 9% 9. 09% 9. 09% 27. 28% 9. 09% 9. 09% 9. 09% ? 20. 0x ? 65. 0% ? 40. 0% 15. 0x 20. 0x 45. 0% 65. 0% 25. 0% 40. 0% 10. 0x 15. 0x 30. 0% 45. 0% 15. 0% 25. 0% 5. 0x 10. 0x 20. 0% 30. 0% 8. 0% 15. 0% 2. 0x 5. 0x 10. 0% 20. 0% 4. 0% 8. 0% 1. 0x 2. 0x 5. 0% 10. 0% 0. 5% 4. 0% 0. 5 1. 0x 1. 0% 5. 0% 0. 0 0. 5% 0. 5x 1. 0% 0. 0% 15. 0% 0. 50x 15. 0% 25. 0% 0. 50x 1. 50x 25. 0% 35. 0% 1. 50x 2. 25x 35. 0% 50. 0% 2. 25x 3. 00x 50. 0% 70. 0% 3. 00x 4. 00x 70. 0% 80. 0% 4. 00x 6. 00x 80. 0% 95. % 6. 00 8. 00x ? 95. 0% ? 8. 00x ? 30. 0% ? 25. 0% 20. 0% 30. 0% 15. 0% 25. 0% 15. 0% 20. 0% 10. 0% 15. 0% 10. 0% 15. 0% 7. 0% 10. 0% 8. 0% 10. 0% 4. 0% 7. 0% 4. 0% 8. 0% 2. 0% 4. 0% 1. 0% 4. 0% 0. 5% 2. 0% 1. 0% 0. 5% ? $50. 0 8 2. 0% $20. 0 $50. 0 6 to 7 2. 0% 6. 0% $10. 0 $20. 0 5 6. 0% 12. 0% $5. 0 $10. 0 4 12. 0% 20. 0% $1. 0 $5. 0 2 or 3 20. 0% 30. 0% $0. 2 1. 0 1 or 2 30. 0% 40. 0% $0. 1 $0. 2 1 40. 0% 60. 0% $0. 1 0. 5 ? 60. 0% ? 6. 0 4. 5 6. 0 3. 5 4. 5 2. 5 3. 5 1. 5 2. 5 0. 1. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 Aaa Aa A Baa Ba B Caa Ca * Where appropriate net adjusted debt may be used (see discussion Cash Balances and Net Debt Considerations) 19 December 2009 ? Rating Methodology ? Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Rating Methodology Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Appendix B Methodology Grid-Implied Ratings Overall Grid Implied Rating Issuer Moodys Rating Business Profile Size & Stability of Divisions of Equal Size Baa Aa Aa Aa Aa A A B A Baa Ba Aa Ba B Ba B Caa Ba B Ba Cost PositionLeverage / Financial Polici es EBITDA/ Interest Expense (3 Yr) Avg Aaa A A Aaa A Ba Baa Aaa A Baa A A B Ba B Ba B Ba B Ca Financial Strength Retained Cash Flow/ Debt (3 Yr Avg) Aaa A Baa A Ba Ba Ba Aaa A Baa Baa Baa B Ba B Ca Ba Ba Ba Caa Free Cash Flow/ Debt (3 Yr Avg) Ca Baa Ba Ca Ca Ba Ba Aa B B Ba Ba Ca Ba Ba Ca Ba Ca Ba Ca Business Position Assessment Shin-Etsu Chemical Company Ltd BASF (SE) E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Revenue (Billions of US$) A Aaa Aa Ba Baa Aa Aa Baa A Baa A Aaa Baa Baa Ba Ba Baa A Ba Baa Stability of EBITDA Baa A Baa Ba Baa A Aa Ca Baa Ba Ba Baa Ba Ba A Baa Ca Ba Ba BaEBITDA Margin % (3 stratum Avg) Aaa A A Baa Baa A Baa Aaa Baa A Baa Baa A Aa A A Baa Ba B Ba ROA EBIT / Assets (3 Yr Avg) A A A Ba Ba Ba Ba Aaa A A A A Baa A Baa A Baa Ba Ba Ba Current Debt/Capital Aaa Baa Ba A Ba Baa Baa Baa Baa Ba Ba Ba B Caa Caa Caa Ba B Caa Ca Debt/ EBITDA (3 Yr Avg) Aaa Aa Baa A Ba Ba Ba Aa A Baa Baa Baa Ba Ba B B B B B Ca Aa3 A1 A2 A2 A3 A3 Baa1 Baa1 Baa1 Baa2 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 Ba3 B 1 B1 B1 B3 A1 A1 A3 Baa1 Baa3 Baa1 Baa1 A2 Baa1 Baa2 Baa2 A3 Ba3 Ba1 Ba1 Ba3 B1 Ba3 B1 B2 Aa Aa Aa A Aa Aa A A Ba A Baa Aa B Baa A Baa Ca Baa B Baa Kaneka Corporation Teijin circumscribed Bayer AG Akzo Nobel N.V. Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan LG Chem, Ltd. Eastman Chemical Company Yara supranational ASA Dow Chemical Company (The) Braskem SA Celanese Corporation Nalco Company ISP Chemco LLC NOVA Chemicals Corporation Huntsman Corporation PolyOne Corporation Hexion Specialty Chemicals Inc. Positive Outlier Negative Outlier For illustrative purposes most financial metrics used the last three full fiscal years of reported data FYs 2006, 2007 and 2008 20 December 2009 ? Rating Methodology ? Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Rating MethodologyMoodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Appendix C Observations and Outliers for Grid Mapping Factor 1 Business Profile The majority of positive outliers for business profile are associated with compan ies whose financial strength, financial policy measures or liquidity are weakly positioned, providing offsets that are more consistent with the overall ratings. Factor 1 Business Profile Issuer Shin-Etsu Chemical Company Ltd BASF (SE) E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Kaneka Corporation Teijin Limited Bayer AG Akzo Nobel N. V. Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan Inc.LG Chem, Ltd. Eastman Chemical Company Yara International ASA Dow Chemical Company (The) Braskem SA Celanese Corporation Nalco Company ISP Chemco LLC NOVA Chemicals Corporation Huntsman Corporation PolyOne Corporation Hexion Specialty Chemicals Inc. Positive Outlier Rating Aa3 A1 A2 A2 A3 A3 Baa1 Baa1 Baa1 Baa2 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 Ba3 B1 B1 B1 B3 Business Position Assessment Aa Aa Aa A Aa Aa A A Ba A Baa Aa B Baa A Baa Ca Baa B Baa Negative Outlier 21 December 2009 ? Rating Methodology ? Moodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industry Rating MethodologyMoodys Global Corporate Finance Global Chemical Industr y Factor 2 Size & Stability Here the majority of positive outliers for revenue are associated with companies whose financial strength, financial policy measures or liquidity are relatively weakly positioned, providing offsets that are more consistent with the overall ratings. The negative outliers are largely related to the stability of EBITDA metric and reflect the volatility of cash flows in certain companies and sectors due to unprecedented high raw material prices and the significant global economic downturn in 2008.Factor 2 Size & Stability Revenue (Billions of US$) A Aaa Aa Ba Baa Aa Aa Baa A Baa A Aaa Baa Baa Ba Ba Baa A Ba Baa Issuer Shin-Etsu Chemical Company Ltd BASF (SE) E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Rating Aa3 A1 A2 A2 A3 A3 Baa1 Baa1 Baa1 Baa2 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 Ba3 B1 B1 B1 B3 of Divisions of Equal Size Baa Aa Aa Aa Aa A A B A Baa Ba Aa Ba B Ba B Caa Ba B Ba Stability of EBITDA Baa A Baa Ba Baa A Aa Ca Baa Ba Ba Baa Ba Ba A Baa Ca Ba Ba Ba Kaneka Corporatio n Teijin Limited Bayer AG Akzo Nobel N. V. Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan Inc. LG Chem, Ltd.Eastman Chemical Company Yara International ASA Dow Chemical Company (The) Braskem SA Celanese Corporation Nalco Company ISP Chemco LLC NOVA Chemicals Corporation Huntsman Corporation PolyOne Corporation Hexion Specialty Chemicals Inc. Positive Outlier Negative Outlier 22 December 2009 ? Rating