Communism Downfall Essays - Eastern Bloc, Revolutions, West Germany

Communism Downfall The shocking fall of communism in Eastern and Central Europe in the late eighties was remarkable for both its rapidity and its scope. The specifics of communism's demise varied among nations, but similarities in both the causes and the effects of these revolutions were quite similar. As well, all of the nations involved shared the common goals of implementing democratic systems of government and moving to market economies. In each of these nations, the communist regimes in power were forced to transfer that power to radically different institutions than they were accustomed to. Democracy had been spreading throughout the world for the preceding two decades, but with a very important difference. While previous political transitions had seen similar circumstances, the actual events in question had generally occurred individually. In Europe, on the other hand, the shift from communism was taking place in a different context altogether. The peoples involved were not looking to affect a narrow set of policy reforms; indeed, what was at stake was a hyper-radical shift from the long-held communist ideology to a western blueprint for governmental and economic policy development. The problem inherent in this type of monumental change is that, according to Ulrich K. Preuss, "In almost all the East and Central European countries, the collapse of authoritarian communist rule has released national, ethnic, religious and cultural conflicts which can not be solved by purely economic policies" (47). While tremendous changes are evident in both the governmental and economic arenas in Europe, these changes cannot be assumed to always be "mutually reinforcing" (Preuss 47). Generally it has been theorized that the most successful manner of addressing these many difficulties is the drafting of a constitution. But what is clear is the unsatisfactory ability of a constitution to remedy the problems of nationalism and ethnic differences. Preuss notes that when the constitutional state gained favor in North America, it was founded on the principle of the unitary state; it was not designed to address the lack of national identity which is found throughout Europe - and which is counter to the concept of the constitutional state (48). "Measured in terms of socioeconomic modernization," writes Helga A. Welsh, "Central and Eastern European countries had reached a level that was considered conducive to the emergence of pluralistic policies" (19). It seemed that the sole reason the downfall of communism, as it were, took so long was the veto power of the Soviet Union. According to theories of modernization, the higher the levels of socioeconomic achievement, the greater the pressure for open competition and, ultimately, democracy. As such, the nations in Eastern and Central Europe were seen as "anomalies in socioeconomically highly-developed countries where particularly intellectual power resources have become widespread" (Welsh 19). Due to their longtime adherence to communist policies, these nations faced great difficulty in making the transition to a pluralist system as well as a market economy. According to Preuss, these problems were threefold: The genuine economic devastations wrought by the communist regimes, the transformation of the social and economic classes of the command economy into the social and economic lasses of a capitalist economy and, finally, the creation of a constitutional structure for political entities that lack the undisputed integrity of a nation state (48). With such problems as these to contend with in re- engineering their entire economic and political systems, the people of East Germany seemed to be in a particularly enviable position. Economically, they were poised to unite with one of the richest countries, having one of the strongest economies, in the entire world. In the competition for foreign investment, such an alliance gave the late German Democratic Republic a seemingly insurmountable lead over other nations. In regards to the political aspects of unification, it effectively left a Germany with no national or ethnic minorities, as well as having undisputed boundaries. As well, there was no need to create a constitution (although many of the pitfalls of constitution- building would have been easily-avoided due to the advantages Germany had), because the leaders of the GDR had joined the Federal Republic by accession and, accordingly, allowed its Basic Law to be extended over their territory. For all the good that seemed to be imminent as a result of unification, many problems also arose regarding the political transformation that Germany was undergoing. Among these problems were the following: the tensions between the Basic Law's simultaneous commitments to supranational integration and to the German nation state, the relationship between the nation and the constitution as two different modes of political integration and the issue of so- called "backward justice" (Preuss

The War on Terrorism

The War on Terrorism Introduction This research paper is critical analysis of war on terror. The paper mainly reflects on some of the pros and cons of war on terrorism and its effect on humanity and human rights. In an analysis of the players involved in the war, the paper takes a side through analysis of areas of disagreements.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The War on Terrorism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More War on terrorism is a government plan for the reason of protecting it citizens as well as ensuring safety of innocent citizens of other countries. However, recent wars against terrorists are emerging because of negative administrative assertions such as affirmations by government administration. The assertions catalyze the emergence of confrontation for instance the declaring to engage war as a peacekeeping mission. Another example of such affirmations include the indications that some countries are in violation of po licies for instance, war in Iraq stated because Iraq was in violation of some U.N. Security Councils’ Resolutions, mainly being in possession of weapons of mass destruction. In most instances when dialogue seems not to workout, fight for peace is an issue that develops and catalyze war. Some governments especially from developed countries have resources capable of providing mysterious powers and are thus capable of engaging war to assure global protection. The unsuccessful endeavours to promote dialogue for peaceful solutions succumb to war threats and eventually lead to action against terrorism. Governments react pro-actively and use most resources in its power to protect its citizens by fighting enemies such as terrorists. However, power of commands to declare war without solid reasons, proof and consultation is not morally justifiable. In most cases, war on possible terrorist threats causes negative effects on human lives by depriving those involved and the innocents withi n the territories the most essential needs and rights. Effects on Solders in War Many coalition soldiers involved on war against terrorism or possible nuclear attacks such as the U.S. war in Afghanistan and Iraq lost their lives in combat (Rai and Chomsky, p 141). According to Iraq coalition casualty count (p 1), more than 4,300 U.S. and 4,693 coalition solders died because of the Iraq war. One of the main reason why this research is against battle on terrorism and terms the government actions as unjustifiable is due to reason that there are huge effects on human rights. This is mainly attributable to poor planning. A good example is the deaths of the great compatriots due to haste of administrators to go to war after dialogue fails. This cause of action deprives many families their special affiliates, some of whom are responsible for basic provisions including love. Other than fatalities, many casualties who were competent family providers end up depending on others in different wa ys due to physical, mental and psychological injuries from the war.Advertising Looking for critical writing on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such conditions increase pressure on health provisions due to lack of specialized facilities or medical provisions in most care centres especially among the involved developing countries. The effects not only affect the coalition governments in war, but also members of the attacked countries for instance, Iraq people recorded the greatest number of fatalities and casualties during the Iraq war (Keegan, p 31). Cost of War The second reason why this research takes a stand against the governments’ action to resolve issues through wars is due to the high dependence on large-scale humanitarian and reconstruction assistances after the war. Primarily, war involves a high compromise on human rights, which requires delivery of humanitarian support and prepositioning of crucial human needs (Sifry and Cerf, p 27). Humanitarian crisis during war elevates further. Various organizations and agencies are able to provide aid through the oil for food programme before the war, but war engagements halts the undertakings thus causing loss of innocent human life especially children in the war-torn areas. They succumb to poverty or malnutrition related deaths. People have right to basic needs such as food but war-torn areas causes massive suffering associable to lack of food especially among women and children. In line with Sifry and Cerf (p 27), war disrupts these non-governmental organizations plans for humanitarian assistance due to the uncertainty during and after the war. Poverty is one of the main effects associable to human crisis. Basic needs such as medicines, shelter, hygiene facilities and food therefore remain a concession during war. There are fears over shortage on humanitarian assistance even among the affected. Casualty reports confirm the f ears, as the numbers of reported victims are overwhelming (Iraq coalition casualty count, p 1). Effects War on Tourism on Education and Healthcare War often forces women and children to vacate their home and settle in displacement camps for safety. This remains a permanent scar to the society since children are not able to attend schools. Regardless of some humanitarian assistance from neighbouring countries, there is often refusal to assist and allow refugees to enter and settle in their countries. During the Iraq war, there were massive movement of people mainly from Baghdad and other major cities before and after the war began but towards the end of the war, the movement started reducing due to restrictions (Chancellor Schroeder, p 3).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The War on Terrorism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Governments in war torn area are responsible for the health facilities and educatio n programmes. War affects provision of the amenities for displacement and refugee camps. War causes poor or lack of governance; this means that the affected country’s administration is not able to cater for it human needs. Innocent children end up suffering from something they rarely understand and furthermore war causes psychological suffering of the naive minds of the children who experience firsthand combat. Effects on Humanity Wars on terror since time in history have caused massive impact on various crucial infrastructures, hindering transportation of basic needs and services. During such confrontation, unruly mobs and looters continue to make it difficult for the movement of humanitarian aid. Some of the main challenges include distribution of water, installation of sewerage systems and food shortages. Delivery of health service has also been a major challenge for instance shortage of supplies, staff and in some cases attacks on conveys or assisting organizations. Lack of resources and existence of compromised infrastructures therefore hinders provision of health services. In most of the affected areas, reports indicate that peacekeeping armies end up providing health services to civilians (Chancellor Schroeder, p 3). Compromised security Compromise on security is also a big challenge during and after the wars. Some of the humanitarian organizations put up bases in war zones areas to facilitate relief operations, but they are worried of security since protection by the involved parties may compromise the security of its staff. The insecurity is a total pervade to the human working environments. This causes low working morale, difficulties of finding trained or retrained workers and disrupted training or supervision. Compromised security also affects the reconstruction and relief activities especially during or after the war for instance access to the war-torn areas, compromised cost of service delivery due to lowered security of relief personnel a nd weak coordination and communication among relief agents. Compromised human rights Lastly, denial of various human rights has been evident in majority of the countries or areas involved in wars. First, people in the affected zones have problems of accessing health services due to insecurity and financial segregation. Geographical differences also prohibit access. The status compromises health care activities and as evident in war-hit areas, there is shift of care from the normal form of preventive to specialized curative form of care. This is a compromise on life since most of the available systems lack strong specialist to undertake curative care. War therefore adversely affects and compromises human health and life. There is reduction of the rural or community-based care, disrupted health surveillance and compromised public health programmes.Advertising Looking for critical writing on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Poor or destruction of infrastructure compromises on humanity for instance destruction of health resources like clinics, referral systems, equipments and vehicles. Additionally, war affects the communication logistics. There is lack of food, drugs and equipments maintenance procedures. Conclusively, some of the adversely yet essential human health-sustenance infrastructures include sanitation, food security, water and power. Conclusion Restoration of peace and order appears to be a major priority before and after war. This is important especially when humanitarian needs are in consideration. Ability to overcome the main barriers to restoration of understanding, growth and provision of human needs mainly depend on infrastructure. Generally, governments fail to understand that there is need to avoid war at all costs due to these effects. War compromises various aspects that support humanity and human needs. It equally compromises a wide range of humanitarian rights. Chancellor Schroe der. Remarks on anti-war Stance as Saddam Crumbles. Mexico City: Agence France-Presse. 2003. Print Iraq coalition casualty count. Operation Iraqi freedom. 2009. Web. Keegan, John. The Iraq War: UK: Vintage Series publishers. 2005. Print Rai, Milan. Chomsky, Noam. War plan Iraq: ten reasons against war on Iraq. New York, NY: Verso Publishers. 2002. Print. Sifry, Micah. Cerf, Christopher. Iraq War Reader: History, Documents. New York, NY: OpinionsSimon Schuster publishers. 2007. Print.

Sir alex Ferguson case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sir alex Ferguson case - Essay Example Claim that Fergusson prioritized youth player development may not actually define his preference and style of football. With the likes of Ryan Giggs, Paul Scholes and the transfer of Robin Van Persie from Arsenal football club, who according to football profession, was not a young player are some of the indications that Fergusson did not prioritize youth development. In fact youth development should not be linked with his success. Instead, Fergusson preferred quality players and it can therefore be said that he was a manager who fully understood the kind of employees he wanted to keep the fire burning. Nevertheless, Fergusson literally succeeded in the English Premier League by making Manchester United club scoop nineteen league titles and two champions’ league trophies (Elberse & Dye 2-5). Sir Alex Fergusson’s success in the football world can further be measured in terms of the fierce rivals he faced both in the English Premier League and globally. Actually, knocking out clubs like Liverpool football club was not an easy task but through hard work and better strategies, Fergusson managed to topple Liverpool. He was also faced by clubs whose owners had very strong financial muscles such as their neighboring Manchester City and the Russian’s billionaires, London based Chelsea football club. It therefore apparent that Sir Alex Fergusson’s strategies were superior to the finances and some great football styles played by clubs such as Arsenal. Indeed, Fergusson achieved what may not be easy for any manager to achieve in the football world (Elberse & Dye 4-8). Football is really the most popular sport in the world with a good number of players, viewers and heavy financial investment. Additionally, English premier League is regarded superior to other League’s globally because of the ability to contribute a lot of revenue as well as the popular support it enjoys worldwide. English premier League football clubs have a larger worldwid e support thus increasing their global viewers. on the other hand, the Champions League is the most lucrative tournament which, for sure, earned Manchester united $72 million in prize money for being runner up in the 2010-2011 season. Nonetheless it was not easy for Fergusson to successfully and simultaneously win both the Champions League and the English Premier League. Fergusson claims that Pressure and competition placed on him by the local clubs and tribalism to be the main reason behind the inability to win more Champions League trophies as he won English Premier League titles. This may not be genuine reason behind failure to severally capture the most lucrative global football tournament (Elberse & Dye 5-9). Other football clubs like Barcelona and Bayern Munich have managed to reach the peak of the tournament or even win the Champions League titles and their local League trophies easily. It is obvious that the main hindrance was the intense competition from other European club s. Fergusson’s role in Manchester united was wider than any other football manager because his degree of control was wider. He also allowed open communication with the Manchester united director as a way of getting things done smoothly and efficiently. He had his own policies and beliefs that guided his actions and eventually great performance in Manchester United (Elberse & Dye 4-7). Fergusson is an individual who learned from his previous mistakes and improve of his

Global warming caurse genetic changes Research Paper

Global warming caurse genetic changes - Research Paper Example These changed seasonal relations are explicable totally as temperature-responsive reactions (McDonald, 2). Climate changes on diverse geographic scales and timescales. Climatic changes monitored over a few decades associates with alterations in living populations and species. Some speculative grounds for anticipating types of climate-driven changes in species and populations that we observe nowadays to play out as hastened speciation over the timeline of thousands or millions of years exist (Barnosky& Kraatz, 3). Global warming is moving at a quicker rate at more northerly latitudes, which is leading to less cold stress caused by extreme winter and longer growing seasons. Species of animals have been enlarging their range toward the limits and populations have been developing, migrating or reproducing earlier over the past 40 years. Phenotypic plasticity or the capability of characters to change their behavior, morphology or physiology in response to modified ecological circumstances have attributed to these developments and changes (Connor, 2). Many species are changing to the lengthened growing season caused by the slight rise in standard global temperatures over the past century. Seeds are sprouting, birds migrating and frogs regenerating earlier. All of these however are not lasting genetic transformations but changes in individual behavior (Nature.com, 1). Numerous studies have indicated connections between climate drifts over the past 50 years or so and changes in population density, in the geographic variety of species or in other parameters that affect the number of offspring produced. Such effects have been monitored in different mammals such as moose, deer, African antelope, bighorn sheep, caribou, musk oxen and foxes. Therefore, it appears likely that climatic changes influence how animals are distributed on

Cyclic Scheduling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Cyclic Scheduling - Essay Example ic scheduling in flexible manufacturing systems is something that has to be well understood by all those involved with production management and researchers have tried to develop a variety of heuristics and algorithms for solving cyclic scheduling problems in flexible manufacturing systems. Cyclic scheduling problems are often complex and require computational optimization techniques for their solution and automated systems with scheduling engines help production managers to find optimal scheduling solutions in real-time. This research paper presents a brief discussion about cyclic scheduling in flexible manufacturing. I hereby certify that, except where cited in the text, this work is the result of the research carried out by the author of this study. The main content of the study which has been presented contains work that has not previously been reported anywhere. Scheduling refers to the concept of allocating available resources over time to effectively plan for the execution of production orders in a manufacturing facility with its available processing machines and manufacturing systems (Lankford, Chapter 9.8). Depending on the demand for that which is being manufactured, a master production schedule will be made available and scheduling meets the requirements for production that are stated in the master production schedule. Thus, if automobiles or cellular phones are being manufactured in a facility, then the daily, monthly or weekly production output for the previously mentioned outputs will be mentioned in the master production schedule, as determined by the market or supplier commitments. However, the employed manpower, processing machine or production line capacity and material for production must be adequate for the required levels of production and this means that scheduling is about optimally assigning available resources to meet pr oduction targets. Thus, scheduling is more complex than the mere execution of jobs for production and depending on the

Construction Issues and Reflective Assignment

Construction Issues and Reflective Assignment Introduction This report evaluates and analyses 4 issues which arose from a construction project and solutions have been recommended. A reflective essay is included to provide an amicable solution to the issue. Background Information Smart Developments are a commercial development company based in Leeds with goals to provide new sustainable buildings in Leeds. The first development is a  £10,000,000.00 project to build new accommodation, retail, sports and leisure facilities. Modern Contractors are a respected and hard-working medium sized contracting organisation operating in Leeds and throughout the region. Modern Contractors had signed an 18month contract with Smart Developments to complete the building works, based on JCT Standard Building Contract with Quantities 2011. The following issues have arisen: 1. On the date that Modern Contractors were due to start the project the main entrance to the site (as stated in the Bills of Quantities) is blocked by materials left by the Client. These materials are not removed from site for 1 week. 2. During the removal of the cellar a gas main was found and British Gas was called to relocate the main which took 16 working days. Some works could continue but the repositioning of the gas main caused a delay to the progress of the main groundworks. 3. Then, during the excavation of the substructure works ancient roman coins are found. This leads to a further delay of 1 month to allow for archaeological investigation work. 4. Monthly payments are agreed in the contract particulars and these should be in Modern Contractors account by the 15th of each month. In August and six months into the contract period payment was not paid until 5th September. When Modern Contractors complained to the employer they said â€Å"that’s the trouble with banks these days – you just can’t rely on them† and Modern Contractors â€Å"should know better than to complain about the situation as this is standard industry practice†. As Modern Contractors have some issues with cash flow they are proposing an additional clause in their contracts with their sub-contractors that will provide for them to pay the sub-contractors only when they have been paid. Issue 1 On the date that Modern Contractors were due to start the project the main entrance to the site (as stated in the Bills of Quantities) is blocked by materials left by the Client. These materials are not removed from site for 1 week. Before going deep into the roots of the contract, it is important to note that all site works are under responsibility of Smart Developments. What does the contract say? In the case ofFreeman v Hensler (1900)where it was held that it is an employer’s duty (of co-operation) to give the contractor possession of the site within reasonable time to enable him to carry out and complete the work on the completion date. According to JCT 11 SBC/Q, the employer has to co-operate fully with the contractor so that the site is handed over within reasonable time, and the contractor will be able to perform the works as per schedule. If the employer fails to do so, it is possible for the employer to defer giving possession of the site for a period not exceeding six weeks calculated from the relevant Date of Possession stated in the contract. (Clause 2.5) Such clause prevent the employer from being in breach of contract and liable to damages, but the contractor will have alternative remedies which are listed in clause 2.29.3 (extensions of time) and clause 4.24 (loss and expense). The fact that materials were blocking the main entrance can be taken positively. The contractors could have notified Smart Development who would have organized for an alternative entrance or simply moved the materials somewhere else. It can be argued that one week’s time loss is not substantial and will not hinder the project or cause the project to continue beyond completion date. Assuming buffers/float were added for activities, Smart Developments can argue that the whole project duration can accommodate the loss of time (1 week) and they negotiate with the contractors to start the project after one week and still finish the project on time. Recommendation In the event that the contractors do not agree and decide to go forward with a claim of extension of time or loss and expense, it is advisable for Smart Developments to allow for reasonable extension of time. Though the process isn’t simple, the contractors need to notify the employer that they will be delayed in starting their work. The Contract Administrator need to do the follow up and find out if this event is a Relevant Event or not. This process may take another week. (Note: Deferment of Possession is a relevant event under clause 2.29.3 / 2.5) Concerning loss and expense claim, it is advisable for Smart Developments to verify the claim amount to know if there has been any mobilisation cost or machinery transferred to site or any valid claim, before proceeding to any payments. Issue 2: During the removal of the cellar a gas main was found and British Gas was called to relocate the main which took 16 working days. Some works could continue but the repositioning of the gas main caused a delay to the progress of the main ground works. What does the contract say? There is a mechanism in the contracts to deal with delays. Usually foreseen or unforeseen events which appear during progress of work have to be dealt with by a protocol. JCT 11 dictates that the Contractor has to inform the Contract Administrator or the Architect in writing when cases arise where they deem to have been delayed significantly. And to stipulate the number of days they think the delay will cause them prejudice/prevent the contractors to continue their job. It can be noted that an extension of time granted for a cause of delay which may seem to have financial implications does not necessarily mean that there will be additional payments. The design team of Smart Developments should have carried out proper site surveys prior any designing and notify the Contract Administrator of possible works concerning gas pipes. It is inevitable for British Gas to be present and complete the repositioning of gas’ main. JCT 11 SBC/Q defines that statutory undertaker such as British Gas (being responsible for gas supply and regulated by law) should carry out their work diligently. Recommendation At this point, it is advisable for Smart Developments to fix the completion date and allow for extension of time for the contractors to complete the work in progress, based on clause 2.27, 2.28 and 2.29 To prevent any further problems concerning loss expenses, Smart Developments can review the rate at which Liquidated Damages are governed and reduce at its free will. Under clause 2.30, once a certificate has been issued, deductions can start after the first payment but Smart Development can bargain with the Contractors for a review of the rate and withhold deductions until practical completion has been reached. If both parties agree, only extension of time will be granted because of the delay caused by British Gas. Issue 3: Then, during the excavation of the substructure works ancient roman coins are found. This leads to a further delay of 1 month to allow for archaeological investigation work. What does the contract say? According to JCT 11 SBC/Q, the clause 2.29.4 acknowledge that compliance with clause 3.22.1 (Antiquities) or Architect’s/Contract Administrator instruction under clause 3.22.2 is a valid Relevant Event. Recommendation Valid Relevant Events are entitled to Extension of Time; Therefore Smart Developments should fix the completion time and allow an extension of time. The contractor can claim for Loss Expenses since excavation was being carried out and it had to stop to allow for investigation. Since 1 month of delay is fairly considerable lapse of time, Smart Developments should allow the contractor to claim for its Loss Expenses, Smart Developments can only compute a reasonable amount of loss incurred. The other side of the coin is that if there is part performance only, then Smart Developments can only pay for the work that has been carried out. Since the contract has not been fully honored, both parties can wait and accept the delay in project. And resume work after the coins’ investigation has been completed. Smart Developments will forfeit the right to claim for Liquidated Damages if the contract completion date is fixed again. Issue 4: Monthly payments are agreed in the contract particulars and these should be in Modern Contractors account by the 15th of each month. In August and six months into the contract period payment was not paid until 5th September. When Modern Contractors complained to the employer they said â€Å"that’s the trouble with banks these days – you just can’t rely on them† and Modern Contractors â€Å"should know better than to complain about the situation as this is standard industry practice†. As Modern Contractors have some issues with cash flow they are proposing an additional clause in their contracts with their sub-contractors that will provide for them to pay the sub-contractors only when they have been paid. What does the contract say? The dates provided in the contract particulars are to be used to distinguish if there has been a breach of contract for delayed payment or not. According to JCT 11 SBC/Q clause 4.12.1 the final date of an interim payment is 14 days from the due date. Therefore money due in August should have been lodged in the contractors account by latest 29th of August. Since payment was received on 5th of September this amounts to a breach of the contract. The contractor has the right to suspend any work as a result of the breach of contract or to terminate his employment under clause 4.16.7 / 4.14.1 Recommendation It is advisable for Smart Developments to pay the contractor simple interest on the amount due from 29th August till 5th of September as per clause 4.12.6 and to make sure that all payments are done within the time frame. The fact that Modern Contractors are altering their contract with the sub-contractors doesn’t not affect Smart Developments because of privity of contract, though Modern Contractors have to notify the employer of the sub-contractors they will be employing as per CDM Regulations stated in clause 3.23.3 Reflective Essay Modern Contractors could have moved the materials on site themselves or notify Smart Developments of the problem that the main entrance is blocked by materials, and expect the Employer to clear the entrance. Concerning the 1st issue: Though the delay is only one week, the employer cannot use any available float to absorb this type of delay. Modern Contractors should apply for extension of time for this delay and make sure that extra time is allowed for the float as well. Concerning the 2nd issue, British Gas has to complete their work as per law, Modern contractors being hindered in doing their job can claim for extension of time. Though Modern Contractors have been trying to complete other works in sections, this delay can be reflected in the overall project hand-over time. Therefore Modern Contractors have to apply for extension of time and moreover claim for Loss Expense as it is accrued for 16 days of not performing actual work towards achievement of project. Concerning the 3rd issue, since the event could not be foreseen by any parties, Modern Contractors are entitled to extension of time and have the right to claim for Loss Expense. The cost would include plant provided on site for excavation, labour, lorries waiting for excavation etc. Concerning the 4th issue: Modern Contractors have the right to suspend any performance until payment has been effected. It is possible to terminate the contract as well because of the breach caused by Smart Developments in delaying payment. By adding extra clauses to the contract, Modern Contractors cannot forego their duties to pay their Sub-Contractors. The payment has to be processed by Modern Contractors no matter what is the outcome with Smart Developments. An amicable solution for problems is direct negotiations between Modern Contractors and Smart Developments. For Issue 1: Either parties could have cleared the materials and go forward with the project. As 1 week is not considerable time and both parties can absorb this delay within float For Issue 2: The design team should have known that there are live gas lines within the cellar, therefore British Gas would have been called during the first week to relocate the pipes. Modern Contractors would have been given possession of site 2 weeks after British Gas had fix the lines. For Issue 3: The best option would be to pay Modern Contractors a minimum rate for the delay caused. That rate would cover for plant hire and labour for example, there would not be any profit for Modern Contractors. Or allow Modern Contractors to carry alternative works on other site until Smart Developments are ready to accommodate them again. For Issue 4: Smart Developments can negotiate to allow for some extra time before payment can be released to Modern Contractors and waive retention money for part of works carried out.

Gay and lesbians today :: essays research papers fc

Gay and lesbians today In was late July of 1999, five of my buddies and I had just graduated from high school and we were enjoying one of the greatest summers of our lives in Ocean City, Maryland. We were renting out what we thought was the best bachelor pad in all of O.C. on 139th street. Even friends of ours that we graduated with and had known for several years were living at the beach as well. Life was good. But two girls in particular that all of our friends knew from Paint Branch H.S. would, throughout the remainder of the summer, indirectly change and redefine the way in which most of us thought about homosexual relationships. Mel and Kel had always been close amongst our circle of friends and naturally know one ever suspected that either of them were outfitted for a lesbian lifestyle, at least not both of them. It was during that unforgettable summer that their other lifestyle would become vividly clear to the rest of us. The majority of us openly embraced their relationship and undoubtedly respected their audacity to endure the resentment and unacceptance that they may possibly confront one day. But, it was not until two years later that Mel and Kel would challenge their friends’ opinions again, only this time concerning a much more controversial issue. Apparently over the course of the two-year relationship that Mel and Kel had spent together, a commitment had developed between them that only few of us could possibly fathom. They were convinced that the unconditional devotion they shared was worthy of a unique union, and that this devotedness they shared would endure for a lifetime.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a Utopian society most of us would rejoice in knowing that two people such as Mel and Kel who care so deeply for one another, have found each other and are willing to spend the rest of their lives together. Unfortunately we don’t live in a society of that quality and admiration. In any culture, it’s generally conceived that the family is the absolute core of a society. In that, the norms and values of a civilization are directly conveyed from one generation to another through this bloodline. But what exactly is a family? Are there distinct specifications, qualifications or even guidelines that govern the framework for what a family should be? In the Webster’s dictionary a â€Å"family† is clearly defined as: â€Å"the basic unit in society having as its nucleus two or more adults living together and cooperating in the care and rearing of their own or adopted children.